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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
in the 1st 2 weeks of fetal life, cartilage prototypes provide ______&_______
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postion and support
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carilaginous bones show 1st signs of ___________ at 8 weeks.
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ossification
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at birth what kind of sutures exist where the bones of the skull meet?
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connective tissue
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what is one of the few known substances that does not cross the placenta from mother to fetus?
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insulin - the baby has to produce it from its own pancreas
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what else does not readily cross the placenta?
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maternal thyroxin
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When screening for PKU at birth the infant is typically screened for ...
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hypothyroidism
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in infants of mothers with uncontrolled diabetes, maternal hypoglycemia produces fetal________
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hyperglycemia, stimulating hyperinsulinemia and islet-cell hyperplasia.
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what problems does hyperinsulinemia cause?
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hypoglycemia after birth
blocks lung maturity leading to risk of respiratory distress. causes macrosomia or large baby. |
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when is the sex of the child determined?
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the moment of conception
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distinguishing characterisics appear about the ____ week.
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9th
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sex characteristics are fully differentiated by the ___ week.
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12th
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When a ___ chromosome is present in the sperm, testes are formed and the child is a male.
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Y
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What hormone causes formation of the male genitalia?
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testosterone
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what happens if the mother ingests androgen or androgen-like substance during this stage of pregnancy?
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the child, although chromosomally female, may look more male than female at birth because of clitoral growth.
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how much of the female's supply of ova is present at birth in the ovaries?
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lifetime supply
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when does most female hormone production occur?
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puberty
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how does the fetus respond to maternal hormones?
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withdrawal bleeding or vaginal discharge
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What is the white, cheesy substance that protects the skin of the fetus called?
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vernix caseosa
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It is thick at ___ weeks, but continues to decrease until term>
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24 weeks
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very fine hairs called ___ cover the entire body by ___ weeks.
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lanugo; 20 weeks
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If twins are fraternal, they are _____.
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dizygotic
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dizygotic means...
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they arise from 2 separate oval fertilized by 2 separate spermatazoa.
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with dizygotic twins there are 2 of what three things?
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chorion, amnion, placenta
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Monozygotic twinning is considered ______ and occurs in __ out of ___ births.
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random: 1 - 250 births.
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dizygotic twinning occurs in families and increases in frequency with ...
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maternal age, parity, and use of fertility drugs.
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are congenial anomalities more prevalent in monozygotic or dizygotic twins?
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monozygotic.
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what is the function of the umbilical cord in the fetus vs. the newborn?
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blood flows from the placenta to fetus with oxygen and nutrients; not there in newborn.
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ductus venosus in fetus vs. newborn...
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allows blood from the vein into the inferior vena cava; no use in newborn
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inferior vena cava in fetus vs. newborn...
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carries oxygenated blood into the RA; in newborn it returns deoxygenated blood to heart.
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foramen ovale in fetus vs. newborn...
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blood passes from the RA into LA; newborn closed.
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ductus arteriosus in fetus vs. newborn..
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blood passes from the pulmonary artery into descending aorta (bypasses the lungs); in newborn it constricts to prevent lung bypass.
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umbilical arteries in fetus vs. newborn
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returns wastes from fetus to placenta; in newborn, no use.
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The life of the fetus is generally measured from the time of ____ or _____ which is called the _____ age.
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ovulation or fertilization; ovulation age.
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the length of the pregnancy is generally measured from the first day of the last _____ ____ which is called _______age.
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menstrual period; gestation age.
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When do ovulation and fertilization take place?
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about 2 weeks after the last menstrual period.
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the ovulation age of the fetus is always __ weeks less than the length of the pregnancy or the _______ age.
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2 weeks; gestation
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