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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
While Egypt and Mesopotamia thrived, along the Aegean emerged two distinct cultures whose rich artistic heritage provided for the foundation of _____ ____________
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Greek civilization
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The Greeks themselves developed an unsurpassed standard of beauty based on the _________ _____ ____
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idealized human form
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By the 18th century BC, the Romans influenced the ___ and ____________ of the societies that the empire had conquered
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art and architecture
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Much of Western culture has its roots in _____ and _____ art
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Greek and Roman
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The Greeks strobes for _______ and _____ and placed human beings at the center of their culture
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harmony and unity
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The Greeks found human form the ultimate expression of ______ and _______
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beauty and harmony
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In the 700s BC, the Romans created an empire which even today stands as a ________ __ ______ ___ _____
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pinnacle of power and might
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Influenced by the Greeks, the Romans made some of their greatest contributions on ____________
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architecture
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______ and ____ provided the foundation upon which much of the art and architecture of the Western world is built. With every new generation, artists look back to see what lessons they can learn from the ancients
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Greece and Rome
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The rich ______ and _________ cultures along the Aegean were forerunners of Ancient Greek civilization
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Minoan and Mycenaean
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For a long time both civilizations were considered ____________
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mythological
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In the late 19th century these cities and their art were unearthed by ______________
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archaeologists
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The _______ were by far the richest of the Aegean civilizations
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Minoans
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Located on the island of Crete, the Cretans created _________ ___ __ ____
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luxurious way of life
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They had several "______" centers developed
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palace
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The most important center was the huge complex as _______, called the ______ __ _____. It contained many rooms, running water, a sewage system, theater, storerooms, terraces, and elaborately decorated interior of the palace
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Knossos; Palace of Minos
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Many _______ (plaster wall paintings) decorated the interior of the palace and provided a good idea of how these people lived
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frescos
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The __________ were warriors instead of traders. They built citadels (fortress) rather than pleasure palaces
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Mycenaeans
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Their hilltop fortresses were surrounded by _____ and _____ ______. The blocks were so large that later Greeks thought they were the work of the ________, a mythical race of one-eyed giants
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walls and stone blocks; Cyclopes
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The Minoans and the Mycenaeans appear to have lived very _________ __________ and there is no specific historic reference that ties the two together
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different lifestyles
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Both brought a remarkable ________ and _____________ _____ __ ______ to their art
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vibrancy and extraordinary sense of beauty
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Characteristics of Minoan Frescos:
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- Lightness
- Freely shaped forms with a rhythmic quality inspired by the sea - Vigor and spontaneity |
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_______ and __________ were equally important in Minoan life
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Comfort and decoration
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The facades of buildings appear to have been brightly colored and the plaster walls inside were ___, ______, or ____
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red, yellow, or blue
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In the more important rooms there were __________ _________ and occasionally _____ _______
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figurative paintings; stucco reliefs
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Minoan culture and art was greatly influenced by the ___
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sea
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Their _________ was small, and like the frescos, probably decorated the living quarters of merchant rulers
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sculpture
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Minoan pottery was often decorated with designs of _____ and ______ ____
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plant and animal life
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The outer gateway of the citadel at Mycenae is called ____ ____
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Lion Gate
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____ ____ is topped by a huge, triangular-shaped, carved stone slab
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Lion Gate
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The Lion Gate uses ___ ________ __________
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old building technology
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Depicted on the stone are two majestic standing _____ flanking a Minoan-type column
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lions
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The ______ ____ were found in a grave located in Laconia. They are some of the most famous gold pieces found at Mycenae
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Vaphio Cups
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They illustrate several ways the Mycenaeans captured ____ _____
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wild bulls
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It abruptly jeered about 1100 BC when _______ invaded from the north
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Dorians
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Human beings were central to the Greek culture. The Greek ideal was to create the _______ __________
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perfect individual
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The Greeks considered the human body _________, _________ ________, and __________
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beautiful, perfectly balanced, and harmonious
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The human body was the focal point of most of their paintings and sculptures concepts of __________, _______, and _____ were the driving force of many of the Greeks' achievements in ____________, ___________, _______, __________, and ______
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proportion, balance, and unity; architecture, mathematics, science, philosophy, and poetry
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Greek artists worked in a ________ ___________ that encouraged art of all types
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cultural environment
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The development of Greek art is easily seen in ________
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sculpture
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Contrapposto (counterpose) is used to describe the _______ ___'s position where the engaged leg is in the forward position
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Kritios Boy
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Showing a _____ _______ ____ was a very important discovery
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truly relaxed body
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The sculpted predecessors of the Kritios Boy were limited to _____ ________ figures of young men and women
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rigid standing
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______ was a life size nude young which represented either Apollo or an ideal athlete
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Kouros
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The figures were ________ and did NOT represent ____ ______
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stylized; real people
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Over the course of the next 75 years, this stylization changed to a more _______ and _________ representation of the human figure
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natural and realistic
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The _______ _____ (named after the period) is very characteristic of figures sculpted at this time
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Archaic smile
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The ____ figures were painted, as most were Greek sculptures, to appear more natural
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Kore
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Characteristics of an Archaic Kouros:
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- Archaic smile
- Left foot forward - Clenched fists - Wooden, stiff posture - Idealized form - Unclad (naked) |
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The archaic period came to a close in ___ __
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480 BC
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The _______ ___ dates back from this time and, as we have seen, it marks a change in how we the Greeks depict the human form
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Kritios Boy
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The _________ ______ began after 480 BC, when the Greeks defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis
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Classical period
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In the early part of the classical period, the Greeks experienced a period of _____ in which the arts flourished
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peace
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Individualism of _____, ________, and ________ ______________ was honored
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ideas, thoughts, and artistic representation
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The __________ __ ______ shows the changes that took place
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Charioteer of Delphi
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The figure is cast is ______ and is the earliest of the few remaining Greek bronzes
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bronze
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The Archaic smile is replaced by a look of ____ and ____ _______, which symbolizes a classic balance of _______, ___________, and ________ _______
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calm and self control; emotion, personality, and physical ability
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The ___ __ ___ ________ was the climax of the Classical period in Greek sculpture and architecture
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Age of the Pericles
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______ was safe and the arts were admired and loved as never before and seldom since
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Athens
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The Athenians decorated the most prominent building in their city, the _________, in their most ambitious sculptural undertaking
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Parthenon
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The _________ had many statues in the east and west ends of the building
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Parthenon
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A continuous ______ (or sculpted band) ran for 525 feet around the top of the wall of the cella in the Parthenon
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frieze
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Greek architecture developed from a _____ and _________ __________ in the Archaic period to a _____ and ____ ____ in the Classical period
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heavy and ponderous appearance; light and airy feel
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Most architecture was focused around _______
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temples
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The public was not usually allowed into the temples, so architects designed __________ ________
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impressive exteriors
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The Greeks saw public buildings as organic units that must be organized into _______ ____________ __ _____
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orderly arrangements of parts
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This led to definite systems of construction that were called "___ ______"
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the orders
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developed in mainland areas
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Doric order
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revolved in the islands and cost of Asia Minor
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Ionic order
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used in Hellenistic times and later in roman civilization
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Corinthian order
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The orders consisted of detailed rules for construction, based on ___________ and an ___________ of the parts of the building
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proportions; integration
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The Archaic Doric _______ (rounded molding below and abacus) is a broad and flattened
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echinus
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The ______ (the flat slab on top of a capital, supporting the architecture) is very wide
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abacus
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The Ionic order is much _______ and more ________ that the Doric
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lighter; delicate
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The columns are set on a base and are more _______
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slender
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The __________ _____ is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitols decorated with leaves and scrolls
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Corinthian order
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The Greeks were also interested in _____ and _____
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drama and music
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Theaters were open-air, rounded structures that were placed into _______ _____ __ _____
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sloping sides of hills
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Greek theaters had carefully ______ _____ _____ and ________
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tiered stone seats and walkways
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Example of a Greek Theater:
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The Theater at Epidaurus
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Greek Periods:
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- Archaic
- Classical - Hellenistic |
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The Greeks were proud of the large and colorful _________ decorating their walls, but not even one exists today
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paintings
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Early _____ from the Archaic period are of red clay and have black _______ and decorations painted on them
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vases; figures
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The _______, a large storage jar with two handles, was singed by Exekias
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amphora
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He considered the amphora one of his finest works
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Exekias
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The sophistication of later Greek painting is revealed in ___ ______ __ _____
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The Battle of Issus
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It's a mosaics copy of a ___________ ____ ________ of about 315 BC
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Hellenistic wall painting
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Only four colors are used:
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red, yellow, white, and black
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The Roman city state had its first beginnings in the _____ _______ __
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eight century BC
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The Romans expanded their control in every direction and eventually dominated the _______ _____
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Western world
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The Romans greatly admired _____ _________ and brought back many pieces to decorate their villas. Whatever their did not import, they had copied by either the Greek artists or their own Roman artists
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Greek sculpture
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They made their greatest contributions to art in ____________- the area in which their influence is most strongly seen
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architecture
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The _________ is one of the grandest of all Roman structures
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colosseum
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_____ emperors were involved in its construction
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Three
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It was originally designed for the _______ __ ______ __________, most particularly for battles between animals and gladiators
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staging of lavish spectacles
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The Colosseum held __,___ ______ in the marble seated interior
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50,000 Romans
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Concrete ______, _____, and ______, covered with marble or decorative plaster, made up several kilometers of passageways
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arches, walls, and vaults
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The ____ and _____ were essential parts of monumental Roman architecture
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arch and vault
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The ____ is a curved architectural element used to span an opening
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arch
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The _____ is an arched roof or covering made of brick, stone, or concrete
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vault
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The outer wall of the Colosseum is as high as a ______ __ _____ ________
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modern 16 story building
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The wall went completely around the structure and supported pose from which an awning could be stretched to protect spectators from the sun or rain. ____ ___ were needed to raise and lower the awning
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1000 men
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The exterior wall is divided into ____ __________ _____, with large arched openings piercing the lower three
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four horizontal bands
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The arches are framed in the standard Roman sequence for multistoried buildings: _____-_____-__________, from the ground up Statues filled the arched niches around the outside and a heavy wooden floor covered layers of cells below in chick gladiators and animals were held
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Doric-Ioned-Corinthian
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The Colosseum ranks as one of the most astonishing achievements of _________
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antiquity
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Later, the Colosseum was damaged by ________ and __________ who used it as a instant quarry for marble when constructing other buildings
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citizens and architects
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Roman Art Periods:
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- Etruscan
- Republic - Imperial |
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Much of central Italy was dominated by the _________
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Etruscans
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Told by Roman writers that Etruscans were ______ ____________ _________ and town planners and the Romans must have learned a great deal from them
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master architectural engineers
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The use of ______ in Etruscan sculpture and other decorative items was admired, even by the Greeks
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bronze
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The Romans learned many lessons from the _________ and, as we have seen in the example of the Colosseum, the Romans advanced architecture to unrivaled heights
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Etruscans
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The Romans erected the first sculptures in history with ____ ________ ______
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vast interior spaces
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One of the most outstanding examples of the ________, which was built to honor all the gods
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Pantheon
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A huge dome rests on a _______ ____, creating an interior space that is overwhelming to experience
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mammoth drum
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The dome of the Pantheon is _______, or decorated, with a series of ________ ___________ ______
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coffered; recessed rectangular panels
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The only source of light is a single round, eye-like opening at the top. This opening is 30 feet in diameter and any rain that falls through it is carried away by an _________ ___________ ________ ______
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elaborate underground drainage system
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Roman ________ differed slightly from those of the Greeks
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theaters
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They partially cut the round Greek orchestra and constructed a ______ _____ behind it
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raised state
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The seating was a __________ rather than in the two-thirds circle of the Greeks
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semicircle
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Theaters were often ____________ rather than placed in a concave hillside like the Greeks
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freestanding
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The _______ __ _______ _______ was built on the side of the Acropolis in Athens and is still used today
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Theater of Herodes Atticus
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Although the Romans borrowed heavily from Greek sculpture, they used ________ ________ ________ to honor their emperors
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original portrait sculpture
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The Roman interest in portrait sculpture, especially the ____ (head and upper torso) is an important contribution to world art
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bust
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______ _________ were used to record important events in the lives of Roman emperors
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Relief sculptures
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The ______ __ ______ is a splendid marble cylinder that rises to a height of over 130 feet
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Column of Trajan
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The column is ______ and originally contained an urn with the _____ __ ___ _______
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hollow; ashes of the emperor
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Both the _________ and the ______ made paintings which the early Romans copied
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Etruscans; Greeks
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The Romans used paintings to decorate and color the _________ __ ______
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interiors of houses
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Romans created:
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- still life
- portrait - landscape - mythological paintings |
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All Roman wall paintings were done in ______, a method of painting wet plaster with pigment
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fresco
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Entire plaster-covered walls were frescoed to look like ______ and ____ ________, or were decorated with _______ and _____, almost like wallpaper
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marble and wood paneling; flowers and vines
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Although Greeks had used _______ ______ to create mosaics, the Romans excelled in this
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colored stones
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Small bits of ______ were cut, polished and fitted together to make an image
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marble
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