Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
foodborne illness outbreaks 1990-2003
|
other - 40%
seafood - 20% produce - 12% poultry - 11% beef - 10% eggs - 7% |
|
marine toxins
|
-naturally occuring chemicals that contaminate certain seafood
-seafood contaminated with these chemicals usually looks, smells and tastes normal -disease can result if humans consume contaminated seafood |
|
disease caused by marine toxins (in order of incidence in the US)
|
-scombrotoxic fish poisoning
-ciguatera fish poisoning -paralytic shellfish poisoning -neurotoxic shellfish poisoning -amnesic shellfish poisoning |
|
marine toxins that have occured in florida:
|
-Methyl Mercury poisoning ***
-Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning *** -Ciguatera fish poisoning *** -Scombrotoxic fish poisoning *** |
|
another name for scombrotoxic fish poisoning
|
scombroid or histamine fish poisoning
|
|
scombrotoxic fish poisoning (SFP)
|
-caused by bacterial spoilage of certain finish (tuna, mackerel, and bonito)
-these fish contain relatively large amounts of histidine in their muscles which cause disease -rarely occurs in other fish -results from improper handling of fish (time/temp abuse) -bacteria within the fish convert histidine into histamine -cooking, canning or freezing does not reduce the toxic effect |
|
tuna, mackerel and bonito belong to...
|
Scombridae family of fish
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes this rxn: histidine ---> histamine
|
decarboxylase
|
|
Scombrotoxic fish poisoning symptoms
|
-start 2 mins to 2 hours after eating the fish
-usually last a few hours -common symptoms: rash, diarrhea, flushing, sweating, headache, vomiting, burning/tingling or swelling of mouth, ab pain, or metallic taste |
|
Scombrotoxic fish poisoning symptoms may be more severe in:
|
patients taking certain medications that retard the breakdown of histamine by their liver (ex. isoniazide and doxycycline)
|
|
Scombrotoxic fish poisoning treatment
|
-not necessary
-in certain cases: antihistamines or epinephrines may be required |
|
How to reduce Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
|
-rapidly chilling catch to prevent histamine formation
-bleeding and gutting the fish can assist rapid cooling -if done carefully, gutting can remove source of bacteria |
|
Ciguatera is
|
a form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins (ciguatoxin) through their diet
|
|
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)
|
-Ciguatoxin is produced by microscopic sea plants called dinoflagellates
-Ex. Gambierdiscus toxicus -As many as 50,000 cases are reported globally annually |
|
Foods associated with ciguatera poisoning
|
-Groupers, barracudas, snappers, jacks, mackerel, and triggerfish
-These toxins become progressively concentrated as they move up the food chain from small fish to large predatory fish that eat them |
|
Nature of CFP disease
|
-Ciguatera poisoning is usually self-limiting (subside within several days from onset)
-Poisoning occur within 6 hours after eating toxic fish |
|
CFP symptoms
|
-Symptoms include a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders
-In some cases neurological symptoms persist from weeks to months and even years |
|
How to prevent ciguatera poisoning
|
-Consume less coral reef fish
-Avoid eating the head, viscera, skin, and roe of coral reef fish which usually have higher concentration of toxin -when eating coral reef fish, avoid consuming alcohol, peanuts or beans as they may aggravate ciguatera poisoning. |
|
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) is:
|
-Caused by a different dinoflagellate with a different toxin
-These dinoflagellates have a red-brown color, and can grow to such numbers that they cause red streaks (red tides) to appear in the ocean |
|
PSP toxins:
|
-This toxin is known to concentrate within certain shellfish that typically live in the colder coastal waters of the Pacific states and New England
-20 toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSP) and are all derivatives of saxitoxin |
|
PSP associated foods
|
Mussels, cockles, clams, scallops, oysters, crabs, and lobsters
|
|
PSP onset
|
-Symptoms begin anywhere from 15 minutes to 10 hours after eating the contaminated shellfish, although usually within 2 hours
|
|
PSP symptoms
|
-numbness or tingling of the face, arms, and legs which is followed by headache, dizziness, nausea, and muscular incoordination
|
|
PSP complications
|
-muscle paralysis and respiratory failure which may cause death in 2 to 25 hours if respiratory support is not provided
|
|
How to prevent PSP
|
-Harvesters of shellfish should check with authorities concerning the harvesting status of the beds. Should only harvest from officially open and regulated beds.
-Call the Biotoxin Hotline at 1-800-562-5632 -Individuals should not buy or accept shellfish from unlicensed vendors or friends when they are not certain of the area of harvesting or on-going monitoring results |
|
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by:
|
Caused by a third type of dinoflagellate that produces another toxin (brevetoxins)
|
|
brevetoxins are:
|
a group of 10 natural neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis
|
|
Karenia brevis is
|
naturally occurring in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and along New Zealand coasts
|
|
NSP toxin regularly produces blooms along which coasts?
|
Florida and Texas (known as the Florida Red Tide)
|
|
K. brevis name after
|
biologist Karen Steidinger FL FWC scientist(retired)
|
|
K. brevis was in which newspaper and when?
|
Tampa Times article
2006 |
|
NSP/K. brevis associated foods:
|
Shellfish (such as clams, oysters, whelks, mussels, conch, coquinas, and other filter-feeding mollusks)
|
|
NSP disease onset
|
Symptoms begin 1 to 3 hours after eating the contaminated shellfish
|
|
NSP symptoms
|
-Symptoms include numbness, tingling in the mouth, arms and legs, incoordination, and gastrointestinal upset
-Symptoms usually last for 2 to 3 days -Death is rare |
|
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) history
|
-an event occurred in Canada in 1987 where 150 people felt sick after eating mussels contaminated with an unknown toxin
-19 hospitalizations, and 4 deaths (elderly) -symptoms observed in many of the sick included memory loss |
|
ASP chemical toxin is
|
domoic acid
|
|
domoic acid is
|
an amino acid produced by some species of phytoplankton
|
|
how does domoic acid affect fish/humans?
|
domoic acid gets bio-concentrated by shellfish and enters the human food chain when shellfish is consumed by human
|
|
ASP associated foods
|
Cockles, crabs, furrow shell, mussels, razor clams and scallops
|
|
onset of ASP disease
|
occurs 24 hrs after eating contaminated shellfish
|
|
ASP symptoms
|
gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, headache, disorientation, and permanent short-term memory loss
|
|
complications
|
seizures, focal weakness or paralysis, and may result in death
|
|
Mercury
|
mineral that exists naturally in the environment
|
|
mercury in the air
|
Thousands of tons are released into the air each year through pollution and waste
|
|
where does mercury bioaccumulate and what happens?
|
-streams and oceans
-it is converted into the poisonous organic compound methylmercury (MeHg) through bacteria action |
|
mercury and fish?
|
fish absorb and accumulate MeHg as they feed in these waters
|
|
levels of MeHg in fish depending on size:
|
Levels of MeHg tend to be higher in larger predatory fish such as shark and swordfish that feed on smaller fishes in these waters
|
|
Who's at risk for mercury poisoning?
|
-every one
|
|
according to CDC reports, people more sensitive to mercury are:
|
-pregnant and nursing
-children under age of six (esp up to age of 3) -ppl with impaired kidney function -those with very sensitive immune responses to metal |
|
why are pregnant and nursing women more sensitive to mercury?
|
-MeHG easily crosses the placenta and accumulates in the blood and tissues of the developing fetus
-it can be passed to newborns through breast milk |
|
mercury poisoning symptoms of toxicity
|
-Include paraesthesia (a pricking, tingling or creeping sensation on the skin)
-Depression -Blurred vision -Prenatal and infant exposure can effect attention span, language, visual-spatial skills, memory, and coordination |
|
The national academy of sciences:
|
estimates nearly 60,000 children each year are born at risk for neurological problems due to methylmercury exposure in the womb
|
|
When did the FDA/EPA revise their consumery advisory for mercury?
|
2012
|
|
FDA/EPA recommends to not eat:
|
Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.
|
|
what are five common fish that are ow in mercury?
|
shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.
|
|
common;y eaten fish high in mercury
|
albacore (white) tuna which has more mercury than canned light tuna
|
|
how many ounces of fish are you allowed to eat a week?
|
12 ounce (2 average meals)
|
|
any restrictions on locally caught fish?
|
only eat 6oz a week, don't eat any other fish that same week and check local advisories about the safety of fish in the area
|
|
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:
|
mixtures of synthetic and organic toxic chemicals developed and used as fire retardants, insulators, and plasticizers in electrical devises mostly
|
|
In 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which banned:
|
the production of PCBs because of troubling health effects discovered in workers that come in contact with PCB
|