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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Life of a Cell |
Lecture 2 |
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Cell Diversity |
Cells differ in shape, morphology (related structures), size, and function |
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Microscope Types |
Light Electron |
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Size Limitations |
Surface to volume ratios allow exchange of CO2, O2, waste, and nutrients with environment. Capacity of membrane enables/limits transport mechanisms |
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Eukaryotic cell structure |
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Plasma Membrane |
Encloses contents of cell, it has selective permeability, and a lipid bilayer |
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Lipid Bilayer |
Has a hydrophilic heads (polar) and hydrophobic tails (non polar) only accepts certain things inside |
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Membrane Proteins |
Embedded either within the lipid bilayers or on the peripherals of the membrane. Proteins can be modified by sugars or carbohydrates. |
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Membrane transport mechanisms: |
1) Simple Diffusion 2) Facilitated Diffusion 3) Active Transport |
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Simple Diffusion |
Slow and uncommon way of cells moving from high to low pressure |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Cations move from outside to inside of cell or vice versa (Na^+, Ca^2+, K^+ are "Channel Proteins") |
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Active Transport |
Requires energy from ATP to move from low to high pressure |
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Membrane Transport and Homeostasis |
-Endocytosis moved materials into a cell, exocytosis moves materials out of a cell. -Osmosis is diffusion from high to low pressure |
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Functions of the Nucleus |
-Store and replicate DNA in long strands of chromatin -Coordinate cell activity (growth, protein synthesis, reproduction) Both nucleus and nucleolus have bilaminar envelopes |
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Functions of Nucleolus (located inside of the nucleus) |
Synthesizes RNA Both nucleus and nucleolus have bilaminar envelopes |
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Nuclear Pores |
regulate movement of material into or out of the nucleus
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Cytoskeleton of a cell includes: |
Mictrotubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Microtubules |
Spiraling proteins of α & β tubulins move cilia and flagella to move materials around the cell (very reactive) |
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Microfilaments |
Double twisted proteins of actin shape the cell and regulate movement (pretty stable) |
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Intermediate Filaments |
provide mechanical support |
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Functions of Mitochondrion |
-Generate power in the form of ATP from O2 and nutrients -Bilaminar layer forms folds on the inside of the cell (cristae) where energy is formed -Found in cytoplasm |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
-Manufactures, transports, and processes chemicals for use in & out of cell -Serves as a pipeline from the nucleus to the cytoplasm -Rough ER contains ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis) |
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Ribosome |
-Organelles made of 60% RNA (or 4 strands in eukaryotic cells), 40% protein (site of protein synthesis) -Ribosomes are either unbound (in cytoplasm) or bound (to the ER) |
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Golgi Complex / Apparatus |
-Packages, distributes and ships organelles for the cell's chemical products -Modifies proteins and fats for transport or export -Cisternae (flattened sacs) bud off vesicles that travel throughout the cell distributing modified proteins/fats |
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Lysosomes (membrane bound, in cytoplasm) |
-Main function is to remove waste from the cell -Lyctic enzymes break down proteins and fats and digest molecules by fusing with endosomes -This creates waste or material for new growth |
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Types of Lyctic Enzymes |
Lipases - digest lipids Carbohydrases – digest carbohydrates (sugars) Proteases – digest proteins Nucleases – digest nucleic acids Phosphatases – digest phosphoric acid monoesters |
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Spacial Location of Cell Structures / Organelles |
-Nucleus and Nucleolus are covered in nuclear envelope -Mitochondria near nucleus -Cytoplasm is spread all throughout cell |
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Immune System |
Lecture 6 |
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Role of Immune System |
Protect against disease and other foreign invaders (microbes) by distinguishing viruses, bacteria, and parasites from body's own healthy tissues |
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Major Components of Immune System |
Lymphatic system (fights infectious disease) and includes bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphocytes and leucocytes |
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Components of Lymphatic System |
-Lymph nodes produce and store cells that fight infection and disease -Spleen stores white blood cells that fight infection or disease, controls blood volume and blood cells -Bone marrow is yellow tissue in the center of bones (femur, pelvis) produces white bloodcells -Thymus where T-cells mature, can trigger/maintain growth of antibodies -Lymphocytes small white blood cells (B-cells and T-cells) -Leukocytes white blood cells identify and eliminate pathogens |
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Viral infective agents |
Nucleic acid core with a protein membrane (capsid) and may have an envelope. They are nonliving and cannot replicate independently |
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Bacterial infective agents |
Reproduce on their own, infect host cells. Good and bad bacteria will react to antibiotics and probiotics |
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First Lines of Immune Defense |
-Physical: skin and epithelial linings to protect espiratory, digestive, and urinary systems -Chemical: lysozyme in sweat, tears, saliva are body secretions that prevent growth of bacteria |
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Second Lines of Immune Defense (Cellular and Chemical) |
1) Inflammatory response 2) Pyrogens 3) Interferons 4) Complement Proteins |
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Inflammatory Response |
Increased blood flow, release of chemical attractants, and the flow of plasma into the wound constitute the inflammatory response |
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Macrophages (part of inflammatory response) |
-Main function: destroy foreign infectious cells -Found beneath epithelia that phagocytize infective agents, preventing their spread. Increased blood flow causes increased temperature, and increases rate of destruction of infectious agents |
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Histamine (part of inflammatory response) |
Chemical released by damaged tissue, stimulates arterioles in the infected tissue to dilate causing increased blood flow |
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Plasma (part of inflammatory response) |
Plasma flows into the permeable capillaries of the wound, causing swelling/edema |
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Pyrogens |
Released by macrophages which raise body temp and lower iron. This decreases bacterial replication |
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Interferons |
Released by virus infected cells and travel to other infected cells to inhibit their replication |
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Complement Proteins |
Contained in blood, and activates a cellular response to the virus |
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Third Line of Immune Defense: Lymphocytic Response |
Lymphocytes reside in lymph nodes and tissues, target foreign cells |
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Antigens (Part of Lymphocytic Response) |
Large protein/polysaccharide molecules that trigger an immune response - it is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it |
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Antibodies |
Proteins produced by B-cells (mature in bone marrow), and T-cells (mature in thymus) that bind to antigens and respond in 4 different ways |
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Antibody Response |
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Antibody Response |
-Precipitation (hardening), Agglutination (clumping) and Neutralization all phagocytize and form microphage cell -Complement Activation (attacks membrane) either hurts, attracts white blood cells, or phagocytizes |
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B-Cells |
-Produce antibodies that destroy antigens (humoral immunity) -The first time they are exposed to antigens they react slowly, but the second time is faster and with larger magnitude |
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T-Cells |
Attack foreign cells directly (cellular immunity) 4 Types -Cytotoxic T cells -Memory T cells -Helper T cells -Suppressor T cells |
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Immunity (Active vs. Passive) |
-Vaccines create active immunity so the body responds faster next time -Passive immunity is the injection of antibodies after the body is infected for the first time, or can be passed from mother to child |
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Diseases of the Immune System |
-Allergies: overreaction to environmentalsubstances -Autoimmune diseases result from an immune attack on the body’s own cells |
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Autoimmune Diseases |
-Addison's disease is often caused by autoimmune destructionof the adrenal cortex -Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel diseasecharacterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract -Diabetes mellitus is a deficiency orabsence of insulin production (Type I), often the consequential of an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas -Lupus erythematosus is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmunedisease wherein the immune system, for unknown reasons, becomes hyperactive and attacks normal tissue -Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of the central nervous system(brain and spinal cord) characterized by decreased nerve function due to myelin loss and secondary axonal damage |
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Infectious Disease |
Lecture 7 |
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Pathogens |
-Microbes (viruses and bacteria) that cause disease -Infectious microbes (grow in body tissues) -Contagious microbes (easily transmitted) |
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Viral Life Cycle |
-Attaches to target cell -Enters cell through phagocytosis -Virus's genetic information is replicated in the nucleus -Assembles genetic information in capsids and forms new viral particles -Released from host cell |
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Bacterial Phenotypes |
Rod, sphere, or spiral infect host by replicating |
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Germ Theory by Louis Pasteur |
Theory that if you have two vials of liquid and one is left open, it will collect germs and become cloudy |
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Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths |
-Fungi include yeasts, molds, mushrooms -Protozoa are single celled eukaryotic cells (many live in intestines) -Helminths are parasitic worms |
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Course of Human Disease |
-Infection: state or process of being infected by a microorganism -Disease: when homeostasis is disrupted (virulence is the different strengths of pathogens to cause disease) |
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Pathogenicity |
Microorganism or virus’s ability to enter the host’s tissues and cause achange resulting in poor or compromised health |
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Disease Characteristics |
-Signs are detectable and measurable changes in body function (fever, swollen lymph nodes, bloodchemistry). -Symptoms are un-measurable changes in the body (headache, tiredness, malaise). -Syndrome is a specific group of signs and symptoms. |
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Disease Progression |
1. Incubation period (Day 0) 2. Prodromal phase (Day 3) 3. Acme period (acute) (Day 5: Sudden appearance of symptoms) 4. Period of decline (Day 8-10) 5. Period of convalescence (Day 10-14) |
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Disease Transmission |
-Endemic diseases small region to small # of individuals -Epidemic diseases larger # of individuals in a large population (ex: flu in metropolitan area)– -Outbreak larger # of individuals within a small population. (ex: flu in small rural town) -Pandemic worldwide (H1N1) |
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Direct Transmission |
– Person-to-person contact – Mother-to-child contact – Animal-to-person contact (zoonotic) – Airborne particles and respiratory droplets |
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Indirect Transmission |
– Touching infected surfaces (ex: public places) – Inhaling pathogens carried in aerosols – Bites by insects or arthropods (ex: mosquitoes, flies, ticks) – Consuming contaminated food and water |
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Zoonotic Diseases |
-Lyme's Disease (ticks) -West Nile/Dengue Fever/Malaria (mosquito) -Salmonella, e. Coli (chicken, cattle, duck, turtle) |
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Viral Zoonoses |
Rabies, avian influenza, hemorrhagic fever, Ebola and Rift Valley fever |
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Causes for Emerging Infectious Diseases |
-Expanding world population -Worldwide animal transport -Mobility / increased international travel -Changes in food handling / processing |
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Bioterrorism |
Deliberately contaminating food/water supply or inflicting disease on a large population for wartime gain |