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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Zoonoses |
Hotspots of emerging infectious diseases (ID) |
Definition |
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Which group of mammals infects humans the most? |
Ungulates (hooved animals) |
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Fomite |
Object involved in indirect infection (example: doorknob) |
Definition |
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Zoonotic disease |
Disease transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans |
Definition |
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Factors contributing to emergence of ID |
1) Population growth 2) Urbanization 3) Deforestation 4) Climate change 5) Domestication of animals 6) Food safety 7) Pathogen mutation 8) Human health Extra: Complacency |
8 of them |
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Reservoir |
Animate/inanimate object that serves as a long-term habitat for ID |
Definition |
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Ways of transmission |
Aerosol, oral, direct contact, vectors, and fomites |
5 of them |
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Direct, indirect, horizonal and vertical transmission |
Direct contact Reservoir to host Person to person Parent to offspring |
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Endemic/enzootic disease |
Always present in human/animal population |
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Specificity |
Ability of test to detect only a certain antibody or antigen and not react with others. --> if low, false + results |
Definition |
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Sensitivity |
Ability of test to detect even small amount of antibody or antigen for which the test was developed. --> if low, false - result |
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Immunodiagnostics |
Use the patient's immune system to indirectly or directly identify IDs. Direct= detection of antigen. Indirect= detection of antibody. |
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Serum IgM |
First antibody produced, short lived, indicates current infection |
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AGID |
Agar gel immuno-diffusion tests |
Acronym |
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Immunohistochemistry |
Allows identification of Ag in tissues on slides |
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Agglutination test |
Ab's cross link with insoluble Ag's to form visible clumps |
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Precipitation reactions |
Soluble Ag is made insoluble by an Ab |
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Complement fixation test |
Determines whether complement has been bound to an Ab/Ag complex. Tests for presence of Ab in patient serum. -Get rid of complement -Add known Ag -Add complement back -Add RBC's --> if complement has been fixed by Ab/Ag Red cells remain intact, and test is + --> if Ab's aren't present, complement doesn't fix, red cells lyse, and test is - |
Definition and procedure |
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques |
Used for both direct testing for Ag and indirect testing for Ab |
Used for? |
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Immunoassays |
Rapidly identify Ab or Ag |
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ELISA |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay --> Ab labeled with enzyme labels. Detects Ag directly and Ab indirectly. Color change = + result |
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Radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
Ag or Ab labeled with radioactive isotope labels. --> can detect small amounts of Ab or Ag. Competitive binding assay |
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Western Blot |
(protein immunoblot) uses electrophoresis to detect DNA, RNA, or protein. Band shows up where Ag specific Ab is present. Used to confirm specificity of ELISA |
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Host factors that influence likelihood of infection |
Age, immunization status, prior illnesses, level of nutrition, pregnancy, and coexisting disease |
6 of them |
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Complement system main function |
Rapid lysis of foreign cells --> formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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Alpha interferons |
Produced by lymphocytes. Induced by any infection |
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Beta interferons |
Induced by viral infection |
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Cardinal signs of inflammation |
1) Initial event (skin puncture, etc.) 2) Rubor (redness) and calor (heat) 3) Tumor (swelling) 4) Dolar (pain) 5) Functio laesa (loss of function) |
5 of them |
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PAMPs |
Pattern associated molecular patterns. On surface of microbes, what leukocytes use to recognize them. |
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3 lines of defense against infection |
1) skin 2) cellular and chemical protection 3) acquired immunity |
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What do B cells do? |
Produce antibodies |
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Which immunoglobulin is only present in early-stage infection? |
IgM |
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Plasma cell |
Mature B cell |
Definition |
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Which cell is part of both the innate and adaptive immune responses? |
Natural killer T cells |
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) |
Recognize PAMPs |
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Tuberculosis in cows |
Mycobacterium bovus, affected by badgers (meles meles). Killing badgers increased incidence of tb |
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Ebola virus |
Reservoir: fruit bats Diagnosed through blood tests, ELISA, and PCR. Republic of Congo |
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Rabies |
Rabies lyssavirus Diagnosed by looking at saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies. Afghanistan |
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Plague |
Yersinia pestis in prairy dogs (cynomys Gunnisoni) Possible reservoirs: kangaroo rats, deer mice, and grasshopper mice MLVA used (multilocus VNTR {variable-number tandem repeats} analysis) |
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Low-pathogenic avian influenza |
Backyard birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks) Avian influenzavirus A H5N2 |
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Q fever |
Coxiella burnetii (heat resistant) Main transmission: goats Diagnosed through cell culture, histopathology, PCR, and (mostly) serology |
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Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
Really common, especially in turkey. Contaminated food in grocery stores. |
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Staphylococcus aureus |
Skin infections, food poisoning, and sepsis Diagnosed with physical exams, tissue/nasal secretion samples, or coagulase test Scotland |
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Syphilis |
Treponema pallidum 50% coincidence with HIV Diagnosed with blood test |
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Leptospirosis |
Leptospira interrogans Reservoir: rattus norvegicus |
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Cholera |
Vibrio cholerae Shellfish and plankton and water |
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Botulism |
Clostridium botulinum Foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal taxemia, and latrogenic botulism Canning food wrong |
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Lyme disease |
Borrelia burgdorferi Reservoir: ticks (ixodes scapularis) Affected by eastern chipmunks and acorns |
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Brucella abortus |
Stealthy, through unpasteurized dairy. |
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Anthrax |
Bacillis anthracis Inhalation, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal |
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