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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two classification systems of psych disorders? Define both |
Biomedical approach: main focus on biomedical causes and symptom reduction. Doesn’t consider other causes. Biophysical approach: considers biological psychological and social aspects of disorders |
|
What are the therapeutic goals of biopsychosocial approach? Briefly explain both |
Direct therapy: treatment on the individual such as meds or meetings with therapist Indirect therapy: improving social support by educating and empowering friends/family of individual |
|
What is the manual used to classify psych disorders? What is it based on? |
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) Based on symptoms |
|
Schizophrenia is diagnosed when someone suffers at least one of of the following which symptoms? |
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms |
|
Positive schizophrenia symptoms. What are they? Examples? |
Positive symptoms added to normal behavior Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized actions Broken into psychotic (1st two) and disorganized dimensions. |
|
Negative schizophrenia symptoms? What are they? Examples? |
Absence of normal or desired behavior Disturbance of affect |
|
What are the three types of delusions? |
Of reference: belief that elements in environment are directed at individual (tv talks to me) Of persecution: believes is being plotted against Of grandeur: believes is remarkable |
|
Thought broadcasting |
Delusion where all can hear your thoughts |
|
Thought insertion |
Delusion where one believes thoughts are being placed in ones head |
|
Disorganized thought is characterized by |
Loosening of associations. One may have a hard time following persons train of thought |
|
Word salad |
Incomprehensible speech in disorganized thought. Seen in wernicke aphasia too |
|
Neologism |
New word made up during word salad |
|
What is the main idea of disorganized behavior? |
Inability to carry out daily living activities |
|
Catatonia traits |
May have limited movement and rigid posture. Other extreme is echolalia (repeating another’s words) and echopraxia (mimicking another’s actions) |
|
Main idea of negative symptoms |
Disturbance of affect |
|
Types of affect disturbance |
Blunting: reduced expression Flat: no emotional expression Inappropriate: inconsistent affect and speech (hysterical laughing explaining someone’s death) Avolition: decreased engagement in goal directed actions |
|
Prodromal phase |
Pre schizophrenia with deterioration many aspects of life. Fast onset has better prognosis than slow |
|
Major depressive disorder |
Characterized by minimum one major depressive episode (two weeks with various symptoms) |
|
Anhedonia |
Loss of interest in activities |
|
At least one of which two symptoms must be present to diagnose major depressive disorder? |
Anhedonia, or depressed mood |
|
Persistent depressive disorde |
Diagnosis for someone with symptoms less severe than major depressive disorder (dysthymia) |
|
S+ SIG E. CAPS fill in the acronym of major depressive episode symptoms |
Sadness, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts |
|
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
Not in DSM but is seasonal major depressive disorder. Treated with bright light therapy |
|
Bipolar 1 vs 2 |
1 has manic episodes with or without major depressive episode. 2 has hypomania with at least on me major depressive episode |
|
Fill in the symptoms of manic episode DIG FAST |
distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness |
|
Hypomania |
Doesn’t really impair but person is more energetic and optimistic |
|
Cyclothymic disorder |
Sort of like bipolar 3. Has hypomania and dysthymia |
|
Explain catecholamine (monoamine) theory of depression |
Mania and depression based on excess or absence of norepinephrine and seratonin |
|
Generalized anxiety disorder |
Persistent worry about many things |
|
Social anxiety disorder |
Anxiety from social situations |
|
Agoraphobia |
Fear of not being able to escape |
|
Panic disorder |
Frequent panic attacks |
|
OCD |
obsessions (intrusive thought or impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks) relieve tension but could cause life impairment |
|
Body dysmorphic disorder |
Person has unrealistic negative evaluation of a body part which could lead to such things as persistent plastic surgery |
|
Name and explain each ptsd symptom |
Intrusion symptoms: flashbacks or nightmare of event Avoidance: deliberately avoid stuff relating to event Negative cognitive symptoms: negative view of world/ distancing oneself Arousal symptoms: increased startle, anxiety, self destructive behavior |
|
Acute stress disorder |
PTSD symptoms more than 3 days but less than one month |
|
Dissociative disorders. Name and explain each |
Dissociative amnesia: inability to recall past experiences. Trauma not neurological related. Experiences dissociative fugue (sudden wandering from home and confusion of identity) Diss identity disorder (DID) multiple personalities possible to converge Depersonalization/ derealization disorder: detached from mind and body (1st term) or surroundings (2nd term) May present with OBE (1st) or think in a dreamlike state (2) |
|
Name the three somatic (body) symptom disorders |
Somatic symptom disorder: has illness and is obsessed with it. Condition may be psych caused. Illness anxiety disorder: obsessed with having or developing illness when you don’t have one Conversion disorder: person has neurological problem without any actual brain damage usually after trauma. They aren’t usually concerned la belle indifference. May be poetic such as woman losing eyesight after seeing son die |
|
Ego syntonic |
Person sees their disorder as normal |
|
Ego dystonic |
Person recognizes disorder as bad |
|
What are the cluster A personality disorders |
Weird Paranoid personality: may be prodromal Schizotypal personality dis: eccentric thinking, ideas of reference (less intense delusions of reference) or magical thinking Schizoid personality disorder: detachment from social relationships Note: last two aren’t schizophrenia |
|
Cluster B personality disorders |
Wild Antisocial: disregard for others. No remorse Borderline personality: insecurity, unstable relationships, splitting Histrionic: attention seeking, bright color clothes, may seduce Narcissistic: need acknowledgement from others. Actually very fragile self esteem |
|
Cluster C |
Worried Avoidant: extreme shyness and fear of rejection Dependent: continuous need for reassurance. Depend on one person Obsessive compulsive pd (not ocd): inflexible, rules and order, ego syntonic and lifelong |
|
What are some underlying brain causes of schizophrenia? What is used to treat? |
Genes, birth hypoxemia, teen marijuana use, high dopamine Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) block dopamine receptors |
|
Depressive and bipolar underlying bio causes |
Depression High glucose metabolism in amygdala. Hippocampal atrophy after long illness High cortisol Low norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine Bipolar Increased norepinephrine and seratonin High risk from parents and formultiple sclerosis people |
|
Risk factors of alzheimers |
Women more at risk, People over 65, lower education |
|
Key factors o alzheimers |
Smaller sulci and large ventricles. Low acetylcholine, beta amyloid plaque. Tangled of tau protein |
|
Explain functionalism |
Treats a society like an organism. Functions are beneficial consequences of people’s action and dysfunctions are harmful consequences that undermine the system |
|
Ethnographic methods |
Experimental methods used to study ethnicity or culture of a group |
|
Culture |
Lifestyle of a given group |
|
Material culture |
Physical cultural objects |
|
Symbolic culture (nonmaterial) |
Ideas that represent a group of people |
|
Which culture type changes faster and why does it lead to? |
Material. This leads to culture lag: we like privacy but smartphones dont |
|
What part of culture is important for communication and transmission of culture? |
Language |
|
Values |
What a person seems important in life |
|
Belief |
Something someone holds as truth |
|
Cultural barriers |
Conflict between cultures |
|
Norm |
Boundaries of acceptable behavior. Important and different for cultures |
|
Manifest function |
Pertains to functionalism, a function with an intended positive function |
|
Ritual |
Formal ceremony with materials and symbols and mandated behavior |
|
Demographics |
Statistics of populations |
|
What are the common ethnographic categories? |
Age,gender, race, ethnicity, sex orientation, immigration status |
|
Ageism |
Treating someone without respect based on their age |
|
Is race a social construct? |
Yes |
|
Racialization |
Establishment of a race (Jews were religion now a race) |
|
The theory that race is fluid and dependent on political, economic, and social factors |
Racial formation theory |
|
Ethnicity |
Refers to ones cultural identity whereas race is more physical characteristic based |
|
Symbolic ethnicity |
Symbols are important connection to ethnicity even when the ethnic identity not important (Irish one day a year celebration) |
|
Intersectionality |
Compounding factors of discrimination |
|
Latent function |
Pertains to functionalism, unintended positive functions of a manifest function |
|
Demographic shift |
Change in population make up over time |
|
What are the US trends of demographics |
Getting bigger, older, and more diverse |
|
Pull and push factors |
Pull factors encourage one to immigrate to country and push factors make one want to emigrate from their own place |
|
What is demographic transition? What are the stages? |
Specific example of dem shift referring to changes in birth and death rates as country develops from preindustrial to industrial Stage 1 preindustrial both birth and death rates high 2 improvement in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition, wages reduce death rate 3 birth rates drop cuz Wahmen rights, contraception and children take a billion years to be productive 4 fully industrial. Birth and death rates both low |
|
Malthusian theory |
Exponential growth of population outpaces supply and causes a Malthusian catastrophe aka mass starvation |
|
Social movements |
Promote or resist social change |
|
Proactive vs reactive |
Proactive is a social movement to change, reactive against change |
|
What can cause social movement? |
Relative deprivation. Perceived decrease in resource representation or other |
|
Urbanization |
Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration. |
|
Ghetto |
Place where racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated |
|
Conflict theory |
Based on Marx teachings of who has power (influence) |
|
Slum |
Very densely populated area with low quality housing and sanitation |
|
Social stratification |
Who gets what and why |
|
Socioeconomic status (SES) |
Based on both ascribed and achieved status |
|
Prestige |
Amount of positive regard society has for person or idea |
|
Power |
Ability to affect others behavior through real or perceived awards or punishments |
|
What is a core component of power? |
It defines the relation between individuals |
|
Marxist theory |
Proletariat could rise against bourgeoisie with class consciousness (recognition of shared goals) but didn’t cuz false consciousness (misconception of ones position in society) |
|
Anomie |
Lack of social norms, or breakdown of social bonds between individual and society |
|
Strain theory |
Focused on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance |
|
What are some examples of anomic conditions? |
Excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation |
|
Symbolic interactionism |
Microlevel social analysis of how we use symbols to interact |
|
Social capital |
Investment people make into their society in return for economic or collective rewards. More investment means higher social integration (peaceful movement into mainstream society) and inclusion |
|
What is a common form of social capital? |
Social networks |
|
What can create privilege? |
Inequality in networks |
|
Privilege |
Inequality in opportunity |
|
Cultural capital |
What one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills (as opposed to group association) |
|
What are the two ways communities are connected? Explain |
Strong ties: between peers and kin. Quantitively small but qualitatively powerful Weak ties: superficial, large in number connections (professional relationships) |
|
Not having multiple weak ties can |
Make it difficult to access social capital |
|
Social inequality is higher among underprivileged groups due to |
Intersectionality |
|
Social mobility |
Moving up and down in class |
|
Intragenerational |
Social mobility change during ones lifetime |
|
Rational choice and exchange theory |
Theoretical socio approach Rational choice: people make choices based on pros and cons Exchange theory: rational choice as it applies specifically to groups and whether they affirm/ reject actions |
|
Inter generational change |
Social mobility change from parent to child |
|
What is a driving force of social mobility? Define it |
Meritocracy. Intellectual talent and achievement |
|
Plutocracy |
Rule by upper classes |
|
Vertical mobility |
Movement through social class |
|
Horizontal mobility |
Change in occupation or lifestyle |
|
Poverty |
Lack of possessions or financial resources |
|
Social reproduction |
Social inequality can be passed from one generation to the next |
|
Structural poverty |
Society has “holes” of poverty |
|
What are the two types of poverty? |
Absolute: inadequate access to shelter food etc Relative: poverty compared to population |
|
Poverty line. What is its issue? |
Determined by estimated minimum income requirement to live. Doesn’t take into account of living expense by area |
|
Feminist theory |
Theoretical approach where women have it worse |
|
Social exclusion |
Minority sense of powerlessness further isolates them |
|
Spatial inequality |
Inequality based on where people live |
|
Suburbanization |
Middle class migration to suburban communities |
|
Urban decay |
Previously functional portion of a city decays. Can be reversed by urban renewal |
|
Urban renewal |
City land reclaimed for public/ private use |
|
Gentrification |
Related to urban renewal. Upper and middle class populations purchase, renovate, bad hoods and displace low ses |
|
Low ses are more at risk to disease due to ______factors |
Environmental |
|
World system theory |
Emphasizes global inequality |
|
What are the details of works system theory? |
Core nations focus on higher skills and exploit peripheral countries. Semi peripheral countries lie between |
|
Incidence |
New cases per population at risk in a time frame |
|
Six social institutions |
Family: Education: has hidden curriculum (transmits norms) teacher expectancy (teachers get what they expect) Religion: measured in religiosity Government: Economy Medicine: sick role people used to be exempt from responsibility and social roles but are now expected to exercise and seek help |
|
Prevalence |
cases of an illness, new or chronic, over total population, over time |
|
Morbidity |
Amount of burden or degree of illness associated with a disease |
|
Mortality |
Deaths caused by a disease |
|
Waitzkins second sickness |
exacerbation of health outcome caused by social injustice |
|
Men have higher____ due to _________ and women have higher ______. These are both ____ and ________ determined |
Mortality. Higher risk behavior. Morbidity. Biologically. Sociologically |
|
Medicare covers |
Patients over 65, those with ESRD and ALS |
|
Medicaid covers |
Those in financial need |
|
Women are ____ likely to be favored by the healthcare system |
More |
|
Four key tenets of medical ethics |
Beneficence: act in patients best interest Nonmaleficence: do no harm Respect for pt autonomy: Pt right to choices Justice: equal fair healthcare |
|
Ethnography |
Study of cultures and customs |
|
Explain functionalism |
Treats a society like an organism. Functions are beneficial consequences of people’s action and dysfunctions are harmful consequences that undermine the system |
|
Ethnographic methods |
Experimental methods used to study ethnicity or culture of a group |
|
Culture |
Lifestyle of a given group |
|
Material culture |
Physical cultural objects |
|
Symbolic culture (nonmaterial) |
Ideas that represent a group of people |
|
Which culture type changes faster and why does it lead to? |
Material. This leads to culture lag: we like privacy but smartphones dont |
|
What part of culture is important for communication and transmission of culture? |
Language |
|
Values |
What a person seems important in life |
|
Belief |
Something someone holds as truth |
|
Cultural barriets |
Conflict between cultures |
|
Norm |
Boundaries of acceptable behavior. Important and different for cultures |
|
Manifest functin |
Pertains to functionalism, a function with an intended positive function |
|
Ritual |
Formal ceremony with materials and symbols and mandated behavior |
|
Demographics |
Statistics of populations |
|
What are the common ethnographic categories? |
Age,gender, race, ethnicity, sex orientation, immigration status |
|
Ageism |
Treating someone without respect based on their age |
|
Is race a social construct? |
Yes |
|
Racialization |
Establishment of a race (Jews were religion now a race) |
|
The theory that race is fluid and dependent on political, economic, and social factors |
Racial formation theory |
|
Ethnicity |
Refers to ones cultural identity whereas race is more physical characteristic based |
|
Symbolic ethnicity |
Symbols are important connection to ethnicity even when the ethnic identity not important (Irish one day a year celebration) |
|
Intersectionality |
Compounding factors of discrimination |
|
Latent function |
Pertains to functionalism, unintended positive functions of a manifest function |
|
Demographic shift |
Change in population make up over time |
|
What are the US trends of demographics |
Getting bigger, older, and more diverse |
|
Pull and push factors |
Pull factors encourage one to immigrate to country and push factors make one want to emigrate from their own place |
|
What is demographic transition? What are the stages? |
Specific example of dem shift referring to changes in birth and death rates as country develops from preindustrial to industrial Stage 1 preindustrial both birth and death rates high 2 improvement in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition, wages reduce death rate 3 birth rates drop cuz Wahmen rights, contraception and children take a billion years to be productive 4 fully industrial. Birth and death rates both low |
|
Malthusian theory |
Exponential growth of population outpaces supply and causes a Malthusian catastrophe aka mass starvation |
|
Social movements |
Promote or resist social change |
|
Proactive vs reactive |
Proactive is a social movement to change, reactive against change |
|
What can cause social movement? |
Relative deprivation. Perceived decrease in resource representation or other |
|
Urbanization |
Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration. |
|
Ghetto |
Place where racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated |
|
Conflict theory |
Based on Marx teachings of who has power (influence) |
|
Slum |
Very densely populated area with low quality housing and sanitation |
|
Social stratification |
Who gets what and why |
|
Socioeconomic status (SES) |
Based on both ascribed and achieved status |
|
Prestige |
Amount of positive regard society has for person or idea |
|
Power m |
Ability to affect others behavior through real or perceived awards or punishments |
|
What is a core component of power |
It defines the relation between individuals |
|
Marxist theory |
Proletariat could rise against bourgeoisie with class consciousness (recognition of shared goals) but didn’t cuz false consciousness (misconception of ones position in society) |
|
Anomie |
Lack of social norms, or breakdown of social bonds between individual and society |
|
Strain theory |
Focused on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance |
|
What are some examples of anomic conditions? |
Excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation |
|
Symbolic interactionism |
Microlevel social analysis of how we use symbols to interact |
|
Social capital |
Investment people make into their society in return for economic or collective rewards. More investment means higher social integration (peaceful movement into mainstream society) and inclusion |
|
What is a common form of social capital? |
Social networks |
|
What can create privilege? |
Inequality in networks |
|
Privilege |
Inequality in opportunity |
|
Cultural capital |
What one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills (as opposed to group association) |
|
What are the two ways communities are connected? Explain |
Strong ties: between peers and kin. Quantitively small but qualitatively powerful Weak ties: superficial, large in number connections (professional relationships) |
|
Not having multiple weak ties can |
Make it difficult to access social capital |
|
Social inequality is higher among underprivileged groups due to |
Intersectionality |
|
Social mobility |
Moving up and down in class |
|
Intragenerational |
Social mobility change during ones lifetime |
|
Rational choice and exchange theory |
Theoretical socio approach Rational choice: people make choices based on pros and cons Exchange theory: rational choice as it applies specifically to groups and whether they affirm/ reject actions |
|
Inter generational change |
Social mobility change from parent to child |
|
What is a driving force of social mobility? Define it |
Meritocracy. Intellectual talent and achievement |
|
Plutocracy |
Rule by upper classes |
|
Vertical mobility |
Movement through social class |
|
Horizontal mobility |
Change in occupation or lifestyle |
|
Poverty |
Lack of possessions or financial resources |
|
Social reproduction |
Social inequality can be passed from one generation to the next |
|
Structural poverty |
Society has “holes” of poverty |
|
What are the two types of poverty? |
Absolute: inadequate access to shelter food etc Relative: poverty compared to population |
|
Poverty line. What is its issue? |
Determined by estimated minimum income requirement to live. Doesn’t take into account of living expense by area |
|
Feminist theory |
Theoretical approach where women have it worse |
|
Social exclusion |
Minority sense of powerlessness further isolates them |
|
Spatial inequality |
Inequality based on where people live |
|
Suburbanization |
Middle class migration to suburban communities |
|
Urban decay |
Previously functional portion of a city decays. Can be reversed by urban renewal |
|
Urban renewal |
City land reclaimed for public/ private use |
|
Gentrification |
Related to urban renewal. Upper and middle class populations purchase, renovate, bad hoods and displace low ses |
|
Low ses are more at risk to disease due to ______factors |
Environmental |
|
World system theory |
Emphasizes global inequality |
|
What are the details of world system theory? |
Core nations focus on higher skills and exploit peripheral countries. Semi peripheral countries lie between |
|
Incidence |
New cases per population at risk in a time frame |
|
Six social institutions |
Family: Education: has hidden curriculum (transmits norms) teacher expectancy (teachers get what they expect) Religion: measured in religiosity Government: Economy Medicine: sick role people used to be exempt from responsibility and social roles but are now expected to exercise and seek help |
|
Prevalence |
New cases of an illness, new or chronic, over total population, over time |
|
Morbidity |
Amount of burden or degree of illness associated with a disease |
|
Mortality |
Deaths caused by a disease |
|
Waitzkins second sickness |
exacerbation of health outcome caused by social injustice |
|
Men have higher____ due to _________ and women have higher ______. These are both ____ and ________ determined |
Mortality. Higher risk behavior. Morbidity. Biologically. Sociologically |
|
Medicare covers |
Patients over 65, those with ESRD and ALS |
|
Medicaid covers |
Those in financial need |
|
Women are ____ likely to be favored by the healthcare system |
More |
|
Four key tenets of medical ethics |
Beneficence: act in patients best interest Nonmaleficence: do no harm Respect for pt autonomy: Pt right to choices Justice: equal fair healthcare |
|
Ethnography |
Study of cultures and customs |