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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pulmonary circulation |
the right side of the heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries |
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systemic circulation |
the left side of the hearts receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and forces it out of the body through the aorta |
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atria |
thin-walled structures where blood is received from either the venae cavae or pulmonary veings |
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venae cavae |
deoxygenated blood entering the right heart |
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pulmonary veins |
oxygenated blood entering the left heart |
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ventricles |
blood is pushed there from the atria; they contract to send blood to the lungs and the systemic circulation |
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atrioventricular valves |
separate the atria from the ventricles |
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semilunar valves |
separate the ventricles from the vasculature |
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tricuspid valve (three leaflets) |
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
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mitral or bicuspid valve (two leaflets) |
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
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pulmonary valve |
valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary circulation |
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aortic valve |
valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta |
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pathway of blood |
right atrium (tricuspid valve) right ventricle (pulmonary valve) pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium (mitral valve) left ventricle (aortic valve) aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins venae cavae right atrium |
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electrical impulse pathway |
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node bundles of His (AV bundle) and its branches Purkinje fibers |
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atrial systole (contraction) |
results in an increase in atrial pressure that forces a little more blood into the ventricles than the one based solely on ventricular relaxation |
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atrial kick |
additional volume of blood caused by atrial systole (contraction) |
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interventricular septum |
wall of the heart where the bundle of His and its branches are embedded |
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intercalated discs |
connect muscle cells of the heart; contain many gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, thereby allowing for coordinated ventricular contraction
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myogenic activity |
describes the cardiac muscle which can contract without any neural input; SA node generates about 60-100 beats/minute without neural input |
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systole |
ventricular contraction and closure of the AV valves occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles |
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diastole |
the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed, and blood from the atria fills the ventricles |
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cardiac output |
total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute; product of heart rate (RH, beats per minute) and stroke volume (SV, volume of blood pumped per beat) |
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three major types of blood vessels |
arteries, veins and capillaries |
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arteries |
carry blood away from the heart; the largest is the aorta |
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arterioles |
what arteries branch into |
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capillaries |
what arterioles ultimately lead to; perfuse the tissues |
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venules |
on the venus side, what capillaries join together into |
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veins |
what venules join to form |
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endothelial cells |
what all blood vessels are lined with; maintain the vessels by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction; can allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into the tissues during an inflammatory response; release chemicals when damaged that are necessary in the formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding |
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arteries which contain deoxygenated blood |
pulmonary and umbilical arteries (only two!) |
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smooth musclee |
arteries have more than veins |
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
a clot in the deep veins of the leg |
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pulmonary embolus |
a life-threatening condition caused by a deep vein thrombosis clot becoming dislodged and traveling through the right heart to the lungs |
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portal systems |
hepatic portal system hypophyseal portal system renal portal system blood will pass through two capillary bed in series before returning to the heart |
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hepatic portal system |
blood leaving capillary beds in the walls of the gut passes through the hepatic portal vein before reaching the capillary beds in the liver |
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hypophyseal portal system |
blood leaving capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones |
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renal portal system |
blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta |
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blood composition |
55% liquid (plasma) 45% cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) |
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plasma |
liquid portion of blood, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins |
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erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets |
blood cells; all formed from hematopoietic stem cells which originate in the bone marrow |
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erythrocyte |
red blood cell; specialized cell designed for oxygen transport; contains about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin; can carry approximately 1 billion molecules of oxygen; lack mitochondria, nucleus and organelles |
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hemoglobin |
part of erythrocyte; can bind 4 molecules of oxygen; binding occurs at the heme group's central iron atom which can undergo changes in its oxidation state (oxidation-reduction reaction) |
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hematocrit |
measurement of how much of the blood sample consists of red blood cells, given as a perentage |
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leukocytes |
white blood cells; less than 1% of blood volume 2 classes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) |
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granular leukocytes or granulocytes |
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils; so named because of they contain toxic cytoplasmic granules; involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation and destruction of bacteria and parasites |
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agranulocytes |
lymphocytes and monocytes; don't contain granules |
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lymphocytes |
important in the specific immune response; primary responders against infection and maintain a memory bank of pathogens |
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B-cells |
lymphocytes that mature in the spleen or in lymph nodes; responsible for antibody generation |
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T-cells |
lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells |
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monocytes |
phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria |
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macrophages |
this is what monocytes are called once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ |
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microglia |
this is what the macrophage population is called in the central nervous system |
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Langerhans cells |
this is what the macrophage population is called in the skin |
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osteoclasts |
this is what the macrophage population is called in the bone |
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thrombocytes or platelets |
cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes; function is to assist in blood clotting; detect collagen and then begin clotting process |
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megakaryocytes |
cells in the bone marrow which release thrombocytes and platelets |
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hematopoiesis |
production of blood cells and platelets; triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines; all cellular elements of blood originate in the bone marrow |
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erythropoietin |
secreted by the kidney; stimulates mainly red blood cell development |
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thrombopoietin |
secreted by the liver and kidney; stimulates mainly platelet development |
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hemolysis |
occurs when a blood recipient is given the wrong blood type |
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Rh factor |
also a surface protein expressed on red blood cells; Rh+ or Rh- refers to the presence or absence of a specific allele called D; Rh+ is dominant; issue when mother is Rh- and has an Rh+ baby (the issue is with the second baby if they are also Rh+) |
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erythroblastosis fetalis |
result of pregnancy of a second Rh+ baby to an Rh- mother; anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack fetal blood cells resulting in hemolysis of fetal cells |
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sphygmomanometer |
measures blood pressure; measure gauge pressure in the systemic circulation which is the pressure above and beyond atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at sea level) |
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blood pressure |
force per unit area exerted on the wall of blood vessels; expressed as a ratio of the systolic (ventricular contraction) to diastolic (ventricular relaxation) pressures; normally between 90/60 and 120/80 |
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circulation equation (equivalent to Ohm's law) |
ΔP = CO x TPR ΔP is pressure differential across circulation CO is cardiac output TPR is total peripheral (vascular) resistance |
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baroreceptors |
specialized neurons that regulate blood pressure
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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
a hormone secreted by specialized atrial cells within the heart; aids in the loss of salt within the nephron acting as a natural diuretic with loss of liquid
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capillaries |
where oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the blood into tissues while waste products like carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, urea and ammonia diffuse into the blood in addition to hormones |
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PaO2 |
level of oxygen in the blood which is often measured as the partial pressure within the blood; approximately 70-100 mmHg; inconvenient because blood sample has to be taken from artery |
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oxygen saturation |
percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen; easily measured using a finger probe; normally 97% |
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cooperative binding |
a form of allosteric regulation; results in the classic sigmoidal (S-shaped) oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve; referring to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increasing after one oxygen has bonded and decreasing after one oxygen has been removed |
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bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) |
form through which vast majority of CO2 exists in the blood when it is leaving |
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carbonic anhydrase |
catalyzes the combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3); carbonic acid is a weak acid and dissociates into a proton and the bicarbonate ion; this reaction is reversed when the alveolar capillaries in the lungs are reached so we can breathe out carbon dioxide CO2 (g) + H2O (aq) <--- carbonic anhydrase ---> H2CO3 (aq) <---> H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) |
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Starling forces |
the balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure |
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hydrostatic pressure |
pressure (force per unit area) that the blood exerts against the vessel walls; pushes fluid out of the bloodstream and into the interstitium through the capillary walls |
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osmotic pressure |
the "sucking" pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream; forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed |
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oncotic pressure |
osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins; draws fluid back in at the venule end |
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right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve |
caused by high PaCO2 (carbon dioxide partial pressure within the blood), high [H+], low pH, high temperature and high concentration of 2,3-BPG; reflects a decreased affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin which means more oxygen in tissues |
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2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) |
side product of glycolysis in red blood cells |
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left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve |
caused by decreased PaCO2, decreased [H+], decreased temperature and decreased 2,3-BPG; more affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin which means less oxygen in tissues; fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA) |
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renal system |
urinary system |
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interstitium |
cells surrounding the blood vessels |
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edema |
accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium results in this condition |
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lymph |
lymphatic fluid (made of white blood cells) |
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thoracic duct |
channel which returns lymphatic fluid (lymph) to the central circulatory system |
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clots |
composed of both coagulation factors (proteins) and platelets; prevent (or at least minimize) blood loss |
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collagen and tissue factor |
contained in the connective tissue and exposed when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged |
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coagulation factors |
secreted by the liver; sense tissue factor and initiate a complex activation cascade in order to make a clot; endpoint of the cascade is the activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin |
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thrombin |
convert fibrinogen into fibrin |
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fibrin |
ultimately forms small fibers that aggregate into a woven structure, like a net, that captures red blood cells and other platelets, forming a stable clot over the area of damage |
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plasmin |
breaks down clots |
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plasminogen |
generates plasmin |