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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 categories of genes? |
1. Structural genes 2. Genes that code for RNA machinery 3. Regulatory genes |
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What is the sum off all gene types that gives rise to an organisms distinctive genetic makeup |
Genotype |
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What’s the expression of certain traits (hair/eye color, height) |
Phenotype |
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The genotype codes for what? |
Phenotype |
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What’s the basic unit of DNA structure? |
Nucleotide (which are the building blocks of DNA-they come together to form a strand of DNA) |
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What are the 3 types of Nucleotides |
1. Sugar 2. Nitrogen base 3. Phosphate |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases? |
1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine |
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What does adenine pair with? |
Thymine |
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What does guanine pair with? |
Cytosine |
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Antiparallel arrangement (definition) |
One side of the helix runs in the opposite direction of the other |
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DNA replicates in what kind of fashion? |
Semi-conservative |
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Semi-conservative replication |
Taking parent DNA & splitting it into 2 identical daughter DNA |
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What are the 2 steps to how DNA directs protein synthesis? |
1. Transcription 2. Translation |
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Transcription |
Info in a DNA gene is copied into RNA |
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Where does transcription happen for eukaryotes? |
The nucleus |
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Translation |
The transcribed info gets translated into a protein |
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Where does translation happen for eukaryotes? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are the 3 steps to transcription? |
1 the promoter region 2. The coding region 3. The termination signal |
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What takes place in the promoter region |
Transcription |
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Initiation |
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of a gene |
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Which enzyme functions to make the messenger RNA |
RNA polymerase |
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What does the coding region do? |
It dictates what kind of protein will be made (its the instruction manual) |
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Elongation |
A growing stand of RNA is generated |
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How does elongation work? |
RNA reads the template strand of DNA to create the messenger RNA & does that until step 3 |
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The termination signal does what? |
Stops transcription |
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Stop codon |
The termination signal |
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What happens during stop codon? |
RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence, releases the completed RNA strand & detached from DNA |
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T/F: translation has the same 3 steps as transcription |
True |
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In general, what do operons do? |
They are a control mechanism that ensure that genes are only active when they are required (they regulate genes) |
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Inducible operons |
Only produce the enzyme when the substrate is present |
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Repressible operons |
Turned off by the products synthesized by the enzyme |
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When does the lactose operon turn on? |
When there’s no glucose but lactose is available |
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What are the 3 parts of the lactose operon |
1. Regulator 2. Promoter 3. Operator |
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What does the lactose operon regulator do? |
It codes for the protein capable of repressing the operon (repressive) It turn the operon on or off |
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What does the lactose operon promoter do? |
Promotes the use of glucose or lactose- whichever is available. |
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What does the lactose operon operator do? |
It’s the on/off switch |
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Phase Variation |
Will result in a particular microorganism to turn on or off a series (a component of genes) that will lead to some kind of physical change
Ex: a rod shaped bacteria changing into a round shape |