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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is microbiology?
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The study of small life such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and protozoa.
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What are bacteria?
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Single cell prokaryotes widely distributed in environment; a very small percent cause human disease.
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What are viruses?
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nucleic acids surrounded by proteins; infects a living cell and uses the cell's equipment to replicate. Dangerous to human cells.
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What is algae?
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single or multi cell eukaryotes; make their own food and are found in a lot of water environments.
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What are fungi?
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single or multicell eukaryotes; decompose dead organisms; found in soil and water environments.
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What are the main producers of antibiotics?
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Fungi
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What is protozoa?
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single cell eukaryotes; eat algae or other smaller microbes for food and are foind in water environments.
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Who invented the microscope?
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Anton van Leerwenhoek in 1670
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What is spontaneous generation?
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living things could arise from nonliving things.
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What is the germ theory of disease?
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microbe invades larger organism and causes disease.
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Who was Edward Jenner?
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used cowpox to immunize and protect against small pox.
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Who is Louis Pasteur?
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He was instrumental in disproving spontaneous generation. He invented the swan-neck flask.
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Who is Robert Koch?
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He found a way to grow bacteria in "pure culture". Found that one organism can cause one disease.
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What are aseptic techniques?
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techniques that eliminate or cut down the number of contaminated microbes.
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What invented penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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What are organic compounds?
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carbon based molecules
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What is oxidation?
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Removing electrons and adding oxygen
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What is a reduction reaction?
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adding electrons;electrons have energy
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Describe carbs.
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sugars;main energy for microbes; polar-interact well with water
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Describe lipids.
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most common is fat; nonpolar
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Describe proteins.
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polymer of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds; are enzymes and provide structural stability, receptors, and transport
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Describe nucleic acids.
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long polymer of nucleotides that contains genetic info for the microbe; dna and/or rna
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List characteristics of prokaryotes.
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-single cell
-all are bacteria -no membrane bound organelles -cell wall made of peptpglycagon -binary fission -asexual reproduction |
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List characteristics of eukaryotes.
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-multicellular
-mitochondria, nucleus, ER -no cell wall in animals -cell wall in plants -mitosis/meiosis -genetic info in nucleus -sexual or asexual |
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What do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?
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-Genetic info in form of DNA
-cytoplasm -cell membrane -major metabolic processes will be similar. |
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What is the cell wall?
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semirigid layer made of peptidoglycan that lies outside of cell membrane. Maintains cell shape, prevents the cell from bursting.
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Outer Membrane
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Decides what comes in and out of the cell bilayer membrane outside of cell wall; attached to cell wall.
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Periplasmic space
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gap between cell membrane and cell wall; large; assembling cell wall and metabolic activity.
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cell membrane
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controls entry/exit of substances into the cells
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Passive Transport
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substances move from high to low concentrations. no energy needed
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facilitated diffusion
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carrier proteins in the membrane "assist" the substance across the membrane.
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osmosis
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diffusion of water from high to low water concentration.
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tonicity
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behavior of cells in a fluid environment
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isotonic solution
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water concentration same on both sides of membranes. water moves in/out at same rate.
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hypertonic solution
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water concentration greater inside the cell;shrivels and dies
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hypotonic solution
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water concentration greater outside cell; swells and bursts
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active transport
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ATP is used to transport substances against the concentration gradient (low to high). Essential for any bacteria to survive. requires membrane proteins.
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cytoplasm
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semifluid substance inside the cell membrane; many reactions occur here.
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ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis; made of protein and RNA
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nuclear region
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mostly dna, rna, and protein
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endospore
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resting stage of certain bacteria that contains low water levels and are resistant to treating, dying, change in pH, disinfectants, and radiation
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flagella
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long and thin helical appendages that propel bacteria through liquid medium
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chemotaxis
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motion helps bacteria move towards attractants and away from repellents
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pili
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short, hollow projections on surface of bacteria; not involved in movement
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conjugation pili
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transfers genes
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attachment pili
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help baceria stick to surfaces
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casule
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protective polysaccharide coating outside of cell wall
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enzymes
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proteins that speed up chemical reactions; can be used over and over again.
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chemoheterotrophs
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getting energy from ready-made organic compounds
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Lag
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1st level; no division; replication of DNA, macromolecule synthesis; lots of ATP!
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Log
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2nd phase; bacteria divided at most rapid rate
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Stationary
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new cells are being made at the same rate as old ones are dying
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Death
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last phase, no cell division, cells are dying; exponential drop in number of cells
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acidophiles
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pH 0.1-5.4
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neutrophiles
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pH 5.4-8
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alkaliphiles
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pH 7-11.5
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obligate _____
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must grow at elevated pH
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facilitated ______
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prefers to grow at hight pH but can grow at low pH
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psychrophiles
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15-20 degrees C
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mesophiles
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grow best at 25-40 degrees C; most disease causes organisms
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thermophiles
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50-60 degrees C
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obligate aerobe
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must have oxygen for cellular respiration
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obligate anaerobe
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cannot tolerate oxygen; oxygen converted reactive is not good for this organism!
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microaerophiles
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grow best at low oxygen concentration
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facultative aerobe/anaerobe
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prefer to use oxygen for respiration but can grow anaerobically.
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aerotolerant anaerobes
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can tolerate oxygen but don't use it in their metabolism
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osmotic pressure
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most bacteria can tolerate large variations of dissolved substances. (because of cell wall)
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halophiles
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bacteria that require moderate-high levels of salt
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extremophiles
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microbes that thrive under extreme conditions; not associated with human disease.
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Why is carbon important?
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synthesis of all macromolecules, energy
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Why is nitrogen important?
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make proteins, nucleic acids
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Why is phosphorous important?
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ATP, proteins, nucleic acids, cell membranes
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Chemoheterotrophs
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getting energy from ready made organic compounds
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Glycolysist
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breakdown glucose to pyruvate, no oxygen needed
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Kreb's Cycle
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completely oxidize pyruvate to CO2
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fermentation
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pyruvate and converts H into products; no energy needed
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