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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the lens of a microscope into which the viewer looks?
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Eyepiece Lens OR Ocular Lens
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Light that passes up from the condesner and through the specimen
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Transmitted illumination
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Illumination of a specimen from above
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Vertical illumination
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A microscope with one eyepiece
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Monocular
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A microscope with two eyepieces
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Binocular
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The area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified
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Field of view
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The distance between the objective lens and the specimen
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Working distance
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The scale structure covering the exterior of the hair
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Cuticle
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The main body of the hair shaft
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Cortex
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The cellular column running through the center of the shaft
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Medulla
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The four types of medulla
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Absent, Continuous, Fragmented, Interrupted
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The initial growth phase during which the hair follicle is actively producing hair
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Anagen phase
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The second stage of hair growth
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Catagen phase
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The final hair growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin
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Telogen phase
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An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light
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Spectrophotometry
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Any of several analytical techniques whereby organic mixtures are separated into their components by their attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase
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Chromatography
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A point when the number of molecules leaving a substance is equal to the number returning
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Equilibrium
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The written record of the separation that occurs during chromatography
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Chromatogram
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The time required for a component to emerge from the column from the time of its injection into the column
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Retention time
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The decomposition of organic matter by heat
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Pyrolysis
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Form of chromatography with a liquid moving phase and a gas stationary phase in which the entire process occurs at room temperature
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
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Glass to which strength has been added by introducing stress through the rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces
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Tempered glass
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Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with plastic film
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Laminated glass
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A bright halo that is observed near the border of a particle immersed in liquid of a different refractive index
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Becke line
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A crack that extends outwards like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck
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Radial fracture
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A crack in a glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact
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Concentric fracture
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A naturally occurring crystaline solid
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Mineral
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A glass tube filled from the bottom to top with liquids of successively lighter densities which is used to determine the density distribution of soil
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Density gradient tube
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A condition of stage in the physical being of matter
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Physical state
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A physical change from a solid direction into the gaseous state
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Sublimation
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A property that is not dependant on the size of an object
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Intensive property
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Light emitted from a source and separated into its component colors or frequencies
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Emission spectrum
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A type of emission spectrum showing a continuous band of colors all bleeding into one another
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Continous spectrum
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A type of emission spectrum showing a series of lines separated by black areas. Each line represents a definite wavelength or frequency.
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Line spectrum
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An analytical technique used to identify crystalline materials
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X-Ray Diffraction
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A series of light and dark bands formed when X-Rays combine with one another; it is unique to a compound
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Diffraction pattern
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A uniform piece of matter; different ones are seperated by definite visible boundaries
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Phase
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Uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited
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Substrate control
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Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency occurence for a genetic profile
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Power rule
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Physical evidence whose origin is known, that can be compared to crime scene evidence
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Standard/Reference Sample
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A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions. There is no regular order.
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Amorphous solid
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The separation of light into component wavelengths
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Dispersion
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A precise rendering of the crime scene, often drawn to scale
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Finished sketch
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A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene.
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Rough sketch
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Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or between a crime and its perpetrator
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Physical evidence
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Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty
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Individual characteristics
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The process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity
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Identification
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The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin
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Comparison
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A transluscent piece of tissue surrounding the hair's shaft near the root
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Follicular tag
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An image formed by the actual convergence of light rays upon a screen
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Real image
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The lower lens of a microscope that is positioned directly over the specimen
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Objective lens
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The ratio of the speed of light in a vaccuum to its speed in a given substance
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Refractive index
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The method used to support a likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence as well as statements made by those involved with the incident
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Reconstruction
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Properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source
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Class characteristics
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He established comparative microscopes as key tools for forensic firearms investigation
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Calvin Goddard
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The father of forensic toxicology
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Mathieu Orfila
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A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; invisible to the naked eye
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Latent fingerprint
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An individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average lay person
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Expert witness
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Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles in criminal investigation
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Hans Gross
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The medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death
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Autopsy
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The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
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Livor mortis
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Swab of inner portion of cheek; cheek cells are usually collected to determine the DNA profile of an individual
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Buccal swab
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Designed the first scientific system of personal identification based on anthropometry, or a systematic procedure of taking measurements as a means of distinguishing individuals
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Alphonse Bertillon
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Preeminent microscopist; popularized field of microscopy in forensic examination
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Walter C. McCrone
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Undertook the first definative study of fingerprits and developed a method of classifying them for filing
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Francis Galton
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Postmortem changes that causes a body to lose heat
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Algor mortis
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Developed findemental principles of document examination
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Albert S. Osborn
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discovered ABO bloodtypes; devised a mtehod for determining blood group from died bloodstains
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Leon Lattes
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The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the shortening of muscle tissue and the stiffening of body parts in the position they are in when death occurs
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Rigor mortis
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Demonstated how scientific methods can be inforporated into a workable crime lab
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Edmond Locard
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The exchange of materials between two objects that occurs whenever the objects come in contact with one another
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Locard's exchange principle
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A technique for the separation of molecules through their on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical potential
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Electrophoresis
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To admit visible light when exposed to light of a shorter wavelength
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Fluoresce
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Solid stationary phase and a moving liquid phase; a glass plate is prepared by coating it with a granular material
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Thin-layer chromatography
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An image that cannot be seen directly. It can only be seen by a viewer looking through a lens.
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Virtual image
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Technique of bombarding specimens with neutrons and measuring the resulting gamma-ray radioactivity
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Neutron activation anlysis
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Describes a substance without reference to any other substance
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Physical properties
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Describes the behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance
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Chemical properties
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The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another
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Refraction
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A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement
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Crystalline solid
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The thickness of a specimen entirely in focus under a microscope
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Depth of focus
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An instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer
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Microspectrophotometer
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A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials
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Birefringence
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List of all persons who came into posession of an item of evidence
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Chain of custody
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The most important bones for gender determination
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Skull & Pelvis
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The process in which the teeth fall out and the gums and sockets recede into the mandible
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Edentulous
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Instrument used to determine stature
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Osteometric board
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4 different types of crime scene search patterns
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Spiral Search, Grid Search, Strip or Line Search, Quadrant or Zone Search
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Physical evidence must be ___, ___, and ___.
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Recognized, Collected, Preserved
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The application of the study of humans to situations of modern legal or public concern
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Forensic Anthropology
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Includes an assessment of the sex, age, racial affinity, and height of a skeleton
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Biological profile
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The part of the bone that experiences growth
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Epiphysis
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A bony mass on the skull, just behind the ears, for the attachment of neck muscles. Larger in males.
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Mastoid process
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Specialized rulers for taking measurements of the skull
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Calipers
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The last epiphysis to fuse
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Medial clavicle
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The application of the study of arthropods, including insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans, to criminal or legal cases
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Forensic Entomology
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The study of what happens to an organism between the time of death and the time it ends up in a laboratory
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Taphonomy
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An estimate of how much time has passed since a person died
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Postmortem Index (PMI)
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A pronounced portrusion on the inside of the mandible found often in Negroid skulls while Mongoloid or Caucasoid skulls show little or none
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Gonial inversion
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The suture that runs down the front of the forehead. In Caucasoid skulls, this suture is sometimes retained into adulthood.
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Metopic suture
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An elongation of the skull caused by the portrusion of the teeth and mandible commonly found in Negoid skulls
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Prognathism
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