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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Multidimensional integrative approach |
Biological dimension: genetics and neuroscience. Psychological dimension: behavioural and cognitive processes. Emotional influences and developmental influences |
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Genes |
M |
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Diathesis-stress model |
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviours which may then be activated under conditions of stress |
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Vulnerability |
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Gene-environment correlation model |
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Neuroscience |
Knowing how the nervous system and especially how the brain works is central to any understanding of our behaviour, emotions and cognitive processes |
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Neurons |
Nerve cells in the brain that control our thoughts and actions and transmit information throughout the nervous system |
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Action potentials |
Within each neuron, information is transmitted through electrical impulses called action potentials, traveling along the axon of a neuron. |
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Terminal buttons |
The end of an axon of a neuron |
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Synaptic cleft |
The space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another. Biochemicals released from axon, transfer impulse to dendrite receptors of next neuron |
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Neurotransmitter |
Chemicals stored in vesicles in terminal buttons used to transfer messages between neurons |
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Excitatory neurotransmitter |
Increase likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire. Excesses or insufficiencies in some neurotransmitters are associated with different groups of psychological disorders. |
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter |
Decrease likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire. Excesses or insufficiencies in some neurotransmitters are associated with different groups of psychological disorders. |
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Hormone |
Chemical messenger produced by each endocrine gland eg. Epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and thyroxine |
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Brain circuits |
Paths for neurotransmitters |
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Agonist |
Substances that increase activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects |
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Antagonist |
Substance that decreases or blocks a neurotransmitter |
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Inverse agonist |
Substance that produces opposite effect of a neurotransmitter |
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Neuron reuptake |
After a neurotransmitter is released it is quickly broken down and brought back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that released it. |
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Glutamate |
Excitatory transmitter that turns on many different neuron's leading to action |
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GABA |
Amino acid inhibitory neurotransmitter, inhibits or regulates transmission of information and action potentials |
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Serotonin |
Monoamine neurotransmitter, associated with inhibition and restraint, regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes. |
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Norepinephrine |
Neurotransmitter, mobilise the brain and body for action |
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Dopamine |
Neurotransmitter, associated with exploratory, outgoing, pleasure-seeking behaviours |
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Learned helplessness |
When an animal learns their behaviour has no effect on their environment they give up any attempts to cope with difficult situations |
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Social learning: modeling/observational learning |
Organisms don't have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effectively. They can learn just as much by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation |
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Prepared learning |
We have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species |
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Implicit memory |
When someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can't remember the events |
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Flight or fight response |
The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies |
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Emotion |
Usually short lived temporary states lasting several minutes to hours, occurring in response to an external event. Linked to action tendencies, a tendency to behave in a certain way elicited by an external event and a feeling and accompanied by a characteristic physiological response. Associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. |
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Mood |
Persistent period of affect or emotionality. |
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Affect |
Valence dimension of an emotion (pleasant vs unpleasant). Eg. Positive affect is experienced during joy. |
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Equifinality |
Used in developmental Psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome. One symptom may have a number of causes. |