Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
herpes labialis
|
aka fever blisters
aka cold sores common vesicular lesion caused by HSV, most commonly type 1 tends to recur, with activation by febrile illness, trauma, sunshine, or menstruation |
|
aphthous stomatitis
|
painful, recurrent, erosive oral lesions
|
|
oral candidiasis
|
aka thrush
aka moniliasis local, white, membranous lesion caused by C. albicans occurs most commonly in debilitated infants and children, immunocompromised pts, and ppl with diabetes |
|
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
|
aka trench mouth
aka Vincent infection aka fusospirochetosis severe gingival inflammation occurring in pts with decreased resistance to infection caused by concurrent infection with symbiotic bacteria, most commonly Fusobacterium spp and Borrelia vincentii |
|
oral papilloma
|
most common benign epithelial tumor of the oral mucosa
occurs anywhere in the mouth (most commonly tongue, lips, gingivae, or buccal mucosa) |
|
oral fibroma
|
most often a non-neoplastic hyperplastic lesion
results from chronic irritation |
|
oral hemangioma
|
occurs most commonly on the tongue, lips, or buccal mucosa
|
|
epulis
|
any benign (usually non-neoplastic) growth of the gingivae
most often a reparative growth rather than a true neoplasm |
|
leukoplakia
|
irregular white mucosal patches
result from hyperkeratosis, usually secondary to chronic irritation usually benign, but may represent dysplasia or carcinoma in situ |
|
odontoma
|
most common odontogenic tumor
hamartoma derived from odontogenic epithelium and odontoblastic tissue |
|
ameloblastoma
|
aka adamantinoma
epithelial tumor arising from precursor cells of enamel organ most frequently occurs in the mandible usually appears <35yo benign, but can lead to slow expansion of the jaw b/c of irregular local extension |
|
oral cancer
|
most frequently squamous cell carcinoma
involvement of the tongue occurs in more than 50% of cases carcinoma of the mouth, tongue, and esophagus is often linked with tobacco & alcohol abuse oral cancer may be associated with irritants like pipe smoking, tobacco chewing, or betel nuts |
|
sialadenitis
|
inflammation of the salivary glands
may be caused by infection, immune-mediated mechanisms, or occlusion of salivary ducts by stones (sialolithiasis) |
|
sialolithiasis
|
occlusion of salivary ducts by stones
|
|
acute parotitis
|
inflammation of the parotid gland
occurs in mumps, but may be caused by other infectious agents |
|
Sjogren syndrome
|
autoimmune disorder
1. keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) 2. xerostomia (dry mouth) 3. connective tissue disease (most often RA) associated with increased incidence of malignant lymphoma |
|
mucocele
|
cyst-like pool of mucus, lined by granulation tissue that develops near a minor salivary gland
results from mucous leakage caused by rupture of obstructed or traumatized ducts |
|
ranula
|
large mucocele of salivary gland origin, characteristically localized to the floor of the mouth
|
|
where do the majority of salivary gland tumors occur?
|
parotid gland
majority of tumors of parotid gland are benign half of the tumors of the submaxillary gland are malignant |
|
pleomorphic adenoma
|
benign mixed tumor of the salivary glands (90% in the parotid gland), that frequently recurs and rarely becomes malignant
most frequently occurring salivary gland tumor most common in women btwn 20-40yo; presents as a firm, nontender swelling mixed b/c it contains myxoid and cartilage-like elements, as well as epithelial cells often difficult to remove completely b/c of proximity to CN VII, therefore likely to recur after resection |
|
histology of pleomorphic adenoma
|
most often demonstrate irregular masses or anastomosing strands of stellate or fusiform epithelial cells, some forming ducts or tubules, all of which are embedded in a myxoid stroma that may display fibrous, cartilage-like, or hyalinized areas
|
|
papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
|
aka Warthin tumor
aka adenolymphoma typically in the parotid gland cystic spaces lined by double-layered eosinophilic epithelium, all embedded in lymphoid stroma benign tumor |
|
mucoepidermoid tumor
|
typically located in parotid gland
comprised of mucus-producing and epidermoid components and cells intermediate btwn the two behavior varies from benign to highly malignant (non-parotid tumors and those with greater number of epidermoid cells tend to be more aggressive) |
|
adenoid cystic carcinoma
|
typically located in the minor salivary glands
cribriform pattern with masses of small, dark-staining cells arrayed around cystic spaces tends to infiltrate perineural spaces and cause pain slow-growing malignancy with late mets |
|
oncocytoma
|
typically located in the parotid gland
large, granular-appearing eosinophilic-staining epithelial cells benign with peak occurrence in the elderly |
|
tracheoesophageal fistula
|
congenital disorder
presents as copious saliva associated with choking, coughing, and cyanosis on attempts at food intake in the most common variant (90%) the lower portion of the esophagus communicates with the trachea near the tracheal bifurcation; upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch (esophageal atresia) frequently associated with maternal polyhydramnios (inc. amniotic fluid) |
|
three variants of tracheoesophageal fistula
|
in the most common variant (90%) the lower portion of the esophagus communicates with the trachea near the tracheal bifurcation; upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch (esophageal atresia); frequently associated with maternal polyhydramnios (inc. amniotic fluid)
2. fistulous connection btwn the upper esophagus and the trachea; lower esophageal segment is not connected to upper esophagus 3. fistulous connection btwn trachea and a completely patent esophagus |
|
esophageal diverticula
|
pouches lined by one or more layers of the esophageal wall
false/pulsion diverticula (most common) result from herniation of mucosa through defects in muscular layer true/traction diverticula (less common) result from periesophageal inflammation and scarring; consist of mucosal, muscular, and serosal layers |
|
characteristic locations of esophageal diverticula
|
a. immediately above the upper esophageal sphincter (Zenker diverticulum)
b. near the midpoint of the esophagus c. immediately above the lower esophageal sphincter (epiphrenic diverticulum) |
|
achalasia
|
persistent contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter and absence of esophageal peristalsis, leading to dilation of the esophagus
caused by loss of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus one important cause is T. cruzi (Chagas disease) clinical characteristics: difficulty swallowing leads to esophageal SCC in about 5% of pts |
|
esophageal varices
|
dilated submucosal esophageal veins that occur secondary to portal HTN
can result in GI hemorrhage |
|
DDx for GI hemorrhage
|
a. esophageal varices
b. bleeding peptic ulcer c. Mallory-Weiss syndrome |
|
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
|
bleeding from esophagogastric laceration as a result of severe retching
|
|
gastroesophageal reflux
|
presentation: substernal burning pain relieved by antacids
most commonly associated with hiatal hernia, incompetent LES, alcohol and tobacco abuse, inc. gastric volume, pregnancy, or scleroderma often initiated by recumbent position may cause esophagitis, stricture, ulceration, or Barrett esophagus |
|
Barrett esophagus
|
columnar metaplasia of esophageal squamous epithelium
typically, the columnar epithelium is of intestinal origin with prominent goblet cells complication of long-standing gastroesophageal reflux precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma |
|
candida esophagitis
|
aka moniliasis
associated with antibiotic use, diabetes mellitus, malignant disease, or immunodeficiency clinical manifestations: white adherent mucosal patches; painful, difficult swallowing |
|
herpetic esophagitis
|
caused by infection with HSV-1
tends to occur in immunosuppressed pts characteristics: painful, difficult swallowing |
|
what are the causes of less common forms of esophagitis?
|
CMV infection
uremia radiation therapy graft-versus-host disease |
|
esophageal stricture
|
most often results from prolonged esophageal gastric acid reflux
may also be caused by suicidal or accidental ingestion of corrosive acids or lye marked by progressive dysphagia |
|
clinical manifestations of esophageal carcinoma
|
dysphagia
weight loss anorexia occasionally pain or hematemesis can occur |
|
which type of carcinoma is more common in the esophagus
|
US: SCC & adenocarcinoma are equal
worldwide: SCC >> adenocarcinoma |
|
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
most frequent in the upper and middle 1/3s of the esophagus
linked to use of tobacco and alcohol |
|
esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
most frequent in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus
associated with Barrett esophagus |
|
pathologic manifestations of esophageal carcinoma
|
protrusion into the esophageal lumen, with spread by local extension into trachea, bronchi, or aorta or diffuse infiltration into esophageal wall
|
|
congenital pyloric stenosis
|
congenital stenosis of the pyloric sphincter caused by hypertrophy of the circular muscular layer of the pylorus (often a mass is palpable); resulting obstruction of gastric outlet causes episodes of projectile vomiting beginning in first 2wks of life
much more common in boys corrected by surgical incision of hypertrophied muscle |
|
acute (erosive) gastritis
|
caused by NSAIDS, smoking, heavy alcohol intake, burn injury (Curling ulcer), or brain injury (Cushing ulcer)
characteristics: - focal damage to gastric mucosa w/ acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage - manifested as acute gastric ulcers, which are often multiple |
|
curling ulcer
|
acute gastric ulcer in association with severe burns
|
|
cushing ulcer
|
acute gastric ulcer associated with brain injury
|
|
chronic gastritis
|
characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation and atrophy of the mucosal glands
a. autoimmune gastritis b. H. pylori-associated gastritis |
|
autoimmune gastritis
|
chronic gastritis associated with the presence of antibodies to parietal cells (and sometimes intrinsic factor), achlorhydria (lack of gastric acid secretion), pernicious anemia, and autoimmune diseases such as chronic thyroiditis and Addison disease
associated with aging, partial gastrectomy, gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma |
|
H. pylori-associated gastritis
|
most common form of chronic gastritis
no association with pernicious anemia, Abs to parietal cells, or dec gastric acid secretion often inc. gastric acid secretion occurs H. pylori strongly associated w/ gastric & duodenal peptic ulcer; it is also a strong suspect in the causality of gastric carcinomas and MALTomas |