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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Saftey issues identified at Bhopal
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No emergency plan, safety reduced to cut costs, alarms not working, scrubbers not working, poor training, workers fired for lack of safety, warned against incident before it happened
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What was passed due to Bhopal
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RTK
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Risk
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exposure and hazard
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Environmental Risks and how to avoid them
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1) UV radiation 2) Carbon monoxide 3) disease 4) natural disaster 5) water bourne
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occupational risks (5)
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1) noise 2) hot oven 3) compressed air 4) machinery 5) electric shock 6) chemicals
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personal risk (4)
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1) skydiving 2) scuba diving 3) driving 4)drinking
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risk assessment
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provides info on potential health or ecological risks
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risk management
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action taken based on risk assessment
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Factors of Risk Assessment (6)
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scientific, economic, legal, social, political, public values
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Administrative Minimizing of Risk (5)
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rules, stats, resource allocation, training, manpower
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engineering min of risk (6)
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1) design of facilities 2) products 3) processes 4) machines 5) ventilation 6) fire alarms
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personal protection examples
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glasses, aprons, gloves
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How to quantify risk
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measured as a potential loss and probability of occurrance
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exposure
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how people become involved with hazards
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hazard
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situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment
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3 types of hazards
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active, dormant, armed
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dormant
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potential for hazard but nothing currently affected
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armed
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people, property or environment in harms way
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active
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incident has occurred or is occurring
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Stored Energy Hazards
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things that could potentially be dangerous
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Stored Energy Hazards examples (5)
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1) chemical 2) thermal 3) mechanical 4) radioactive 5) electrical
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Non energy related hazards examples (4)
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1) depleted oxygen 2) confined space 3) repetitive motion 4) awkward position 5) protruding items 6) pinch points
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Where are most injuries in workplace
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arms and legs (noise)
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Energy hazards in workplace (4)
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electric, heat, compressed gas, springs
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chemical hazard in workplace (6)
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vapors, dusts, mist, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact
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safety
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absence of risk
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Risk benefit decisions
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must quantify the benefit and risk
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Purpose of EPA
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encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment
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Environmental Justice
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the fair distribution of environmental benefits
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When was NEPA enacted
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Jan 1, 1970
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Who enacted NEPA
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Nixon
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Major events in 1970
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Jan 1: NEPA, April 22: Earth Day Dec 2: EPA established Dec 29: OSHA
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What does the EPA do
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enforce environmental laws
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EPA Strategic Plan (5)
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1) climate change and air quality 2) water 3) clean up communities and sustainability 4) safety of chemicals and prevent pollution 5) enforcing laws
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CERCLA
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"a. Provides for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous sites and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites"
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When was superfund proposed and enacted
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1979 and 1980
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Good things about administrative controls to clean environment
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1) no pollution 2) more R&D to get around regulation
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Bad things about administrative controls to clean environment (5)
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1) diverts resources from productivity 2) Makes it difficult to evaluate the value of R&D 3) political 4) delays 5) changes R&D
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Dilemmas of Regulaton (4)
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a) Does not ensure compliance b) sometimes indirect
c) unexpected or undesired responses d) limited resources e) risk/benefit analysis difficult and political f) unfair g) does not protect manufacturers h) may bring difficult risk/benefit questions to a decisive point of closure i) May take long time for review, discussion and risk assessment j) May be tightened or relaxed over time |
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What must you have do to EPCRA?
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emergency plan and info about chemicals
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industrial hygience
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science of anticipating, recognizing, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers injury or illness
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When was OSHA formed
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1970
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Who formed OSHA
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Nixon
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Why was OSHA formed
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workmans safety
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Mission of OSHA
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Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
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Workers rights under OSHA (6)
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i.Receive info and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace ii)Observe testing that is done to find hazards in the workplace and get test results iii) Review records of work-related injuries and illnesses iv) Get copies of their medical records v) Request OSHA to inspect their workplace vi) Use their rights under the law free from retaliation and discrimination
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Diamond top
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red- flammability
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Diamond right
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yellow- instability
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Diamond left
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blue- health hazard
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diamond bottom
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white- special hazard
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When was SS published
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1962
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How many new chemicals each year
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500
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What did RC believe about insect control
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killed everything
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what caused the growth of an industry for the production of synthetic chemicals with insecticidal properties
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WWII
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chief inorganic chemical still used after WWII
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arsenic
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Is the powder form of DDT is toxic and is readily absorbed through the skin?
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no
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What is a systemic insecticide
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selenium
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Are herbicides toxic to both plants and animals?
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yes
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Which element is present in chimney soot, which is thought to have led to cancer in chimney sweeps in England in the 18th Century?
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arsenic
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Why did beekeeping in the Southeastern United States almost die out?
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crop spraying of insecticides that killed the bees
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DDT
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Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro-ethane
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At the time of writing Silent Spring, what about DDT did the Food and Drug Administration ban?
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Presence in milk that was shipped interstate
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How do organic phosphorous-based insecticides work
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Destroying key enzymes that moderate the nervous system
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Malathion, a common organo phosphorous insecticide, has low toxicity in mammals because…?
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detoxification in the kidneys
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Nitrification
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process of adding nitrogen to soil from the air
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Which types of soil are most prone to damage by pesticides?
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sandy
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What crop screwed of GA peanut farmers?
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cotton
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When and where was the Japanese beetle imported into the United States
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NJ 1916
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What is the announced purpose of the program during the fall of 1959 in southeastern Michigan?
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control of Jap. beetle
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How was the Dutch Elm disease was spread from diseased to healthy trees?
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elm bark beetles
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threshold dose
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observable effect
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threshold limit value
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lowest dose a response can be detected
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physiological half life
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the time needed for an organism to eliminate half of internal concentration of pollution
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unit risk
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risk to an individual from exposure to 1microgram/m^3 of an airborne substance or 10^-9 g/L of waterborne pollutant
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unit lifetime risk
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risk to an individual from exposure to unit concentrations for 70 years
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unit occupation risk
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exposure for 2000 hours per year for 47 years
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Water pollutants
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point and non point
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population equivalent
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municipal discharge that is equivalent to the amount of untreated discharge contributed by a given number of people
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Critical DO
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Occurs when stream flow is lowest
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How to measure ammonia?
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colorimetric
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