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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine
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Chemical neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons. All skeletal muscle neurons, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, sweatglands. Binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
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aceteylcholinesterase
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Breaks down Acetylcholine into acetate and choline.
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Addiction mechanism
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Drugs stimulate the nervous system and produce initial feelings of euphoria, drug reward system in limbic system is activated.
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agonist
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a drug that mimics or increase the effects of a neurotransmitter.
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alcoholism
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the continued use of alcohol despite medical or social harm, even after people have decided to stop or reduce drinking.
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amino acids
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GABA (inhibitory), Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamate (Excitatory), found only in CNS.
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amphetemines
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cause neuron's terminals to release dopamine and norepinephrine,
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antagonist
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drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter.
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anterior pituitary
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One of two parts of the pituitary gland, synthesizes six hormones. They are released or inhibited by releasing hormones sent from the hypothalamus
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caffeine
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The most widely used psychoactive drug, produces behavioral effects indirectly by blocking the action of adenosine, which inhibits the reease of dopamine, norepineprine, and ACh.
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cannabinoids
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Chemical related to THC, have been used medically to releieve pain, nausea, glaucoma.
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catecholamine
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Dopamine, norepineprine, epinephrine
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chemical synapse events
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1) action potential opens CA++ gates.
2) Ca enters syn. term. 3) CA stimulates vesices to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis 4) CA remove from synaptic knob by mitochondria or CA pumps. 5) NT diffues across cleft, binds to post. membrane. 6) Receptor changes shape of ion channel, changing membrane potential 7) NT destroyed by enzymes or reup. by astrocytes or post memb. |
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cholinergic receptors
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Acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors
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cocaine
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A stimulant that heightens the effects of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin by blocking their reabsorption
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Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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main chemical in marijuana. It binds to neurons in certain regions of the brain, especially with the limbic sysem and substantia nigra.
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Curare
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An antagonist to Ach at the neuromuscular junction
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Depressant drugs
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Psychoactive drugs that slow down or impair the activity of the CNS.
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Dopamine
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Binds to dopaminergic receptors ofsubstantia nigra of midbrain and hypothalumus
Invoved in motor control, autonomic functioning, hormone reguaion, motivational behavior and reward. Hypothesized to be heavily involved in all addictive drugs and behaviors. |
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Drug reward system
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Complex mechanism primarily in limbic system. User is strongly motivated to maintain a constant level of drug in bloodstream or binge when drug is available.
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Drugs interfere with neurotransmission-how?
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Increase # of impulses
Release NT from vesicles Block reuptake or receptors Produce more or less NT Prevent vesicles from releasing NT |
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What is drug tolerance?
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After repeated use, larger doses are needed to produce the same behavioral effect.
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What is drug dependence?
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User seeks out drug to avoid effects of withdrawl
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What is drug withdrawal?
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A range of unpleasant effects that occur because the body adjusts to repeated administration of the drug and its continued presence.
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Endocrine glands
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Glands that produce hormones, includes Hypothaamus, pineal gland and pituitary gland.
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EPSPs
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Excitatory postsnaptic potentials. EPSPs are graded potentials that can initiate an action potential in an axon. They use only chemically gated channels.
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Exocytosis
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release of neurotransmitter in bursts from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft
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GABA
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1) gamma amino butyric acid
2) can be direct or indirect 3) Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. 4) Inhibitory effects increased when alcohol GABA increase receptors. |
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gap junctions
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They are synapses without transmitter substances. At these locations, a nerve impulse is passed immediately to the next neuron through gaps in the membranes
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G-protein
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Processing releases a second neurotransmitter.
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glutamate
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1) indirect via G proteins and 2nd mssengers
2) direct opening Ca++ channels 3) Excitatory, found throughout brain. 4) Learning and memory 5) toxic and cancer |
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hallucenogenic drugs
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A drug that distorts perception and conscious experience.
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hormone
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A hormone is a chemical that is secreted, in most cases by a gland that influences activity in other organs.
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
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Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane occuring when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell or for chloride ions to enter the cell.
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ionotropic effect (direct)
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When the NT opens ion channels. it promotes rapid responses (e.g. ACh and amino acides.)
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metabotropic effect (indirect)
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neurotransmitters that act through secondary messengers
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Monoamines
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Catecholines (norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine) and indolamines (serotonin and histamine). Important sympathhetic NTs, play roles in emotional behaviors and our biological clock.
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morphine & heroin
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Depressants derived from opium, activateopiate receptors, mainly in limbic system. Supress activity of neurons that inhibit the release of dopamine.
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muscarinic receptor
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G-protein couple receptors, on all parasympatheti target organs (cardiac and smooth muscles), are excitatory in most cases; inhibitory in others.
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myasthenia gravis
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occurs when ACH receptors destroyed by patients' own antibodies.
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Neuropeptide Y
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stimulates apetite and food intake. Acts on G-protein linked receptors.
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals used for neuronal communication with the body and brain.
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Nicotine
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Stimulant that activates one set of synaptic receptors for the NT acetylcholine.Like an acetylcholine agonist.
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Nicotinic receptor
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Receptor that controls the release of the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gands and release of dopamine and serotonin from neurons in the limbic system.
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nitric oxide
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Novel messenger that's a short-lived toxic gas. diffuses through post-synaptic membrane to bind with intracelular receptor (guanynyl cyclase). It's a free radical and highlyreactive.
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Norepinephrine
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Biogenic amine that is main NT of sympathetic branch of automatic nervous system. binds to adrenergic receptors. Exci or inhib depending on receptor. It's the feel good NT. Amphetamines enhance reease. Plays a role in bipolar disease.
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Nucleus accumbens
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Located in the forebrain.. Nearly all abused drugs, as well as a variety of other highly reinforcing or addictive activities, increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
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opiate drugs
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Drugs derived from or chemically similar to those derived from the opium poppy. Tey act like endorphins. They stimulate endorphin synapses, which inhibit neurons that inhibit release of dopamine.
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opioids
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Systems that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals.
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oxytocin
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A pituitary hormone involved in sexual pleasure, reproductive behavior, decrease in anxiety afterorgasm.
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peptide
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Short chain of amino acids.
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peptide hormone
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Short chain of amino acid which attaches to membrane receptors and then activates a 2nd messenger.
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pituitary gland
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Endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus. They hypothalamus sends messages to pituitary telling it to release hormones.
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postsynaptic neuron
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Cell that receives the message.
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presypnatic neuron
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Cell that sends the message.
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Reuptake mechanism
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Presynaptic neuron takes up most of the released NT molecules intact and reuses them.
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Second messenger
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In metabotropic synapse, Substance activated by G protein-linked receptors that open or close ion channels, activate kinase enzymes, phosporylate proteins, activate genes and induce protein synthesis.
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Self-stimulation of the brain
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Behavior that is reinforced by direct electrical stimuation of the brain area.
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Serotonin
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Synthesized from tryptophan, may play role in sleep, appetite, mood reguation, drugs thatbock uptake relieve anxiety and depression. Ecstasy targets serotonin receptors.
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spatial summation
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Postynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of presynaptic neurons at the same time.
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spontaneous firing rate
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A periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input. In such neurons, EPSPs increase the frequency of action.
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stimulant drugs
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Psychoactive drugs that speed up or enance the activity of the central nervous system.
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substance abuse
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Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.
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substance P
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A NT released in response to strong pain along with glutamate by pain axons in the spinal chord. If it is not present, only mild pain will be exerpienced.
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synaptic delay and fatigue
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The delay that occurs at junction between one neuron and the next. Discovered because velocity of impulse traveling along reflex arc was slower than action potential along a single axon.
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synaptic fatigue
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Resynthesis and transport of recycled NT unable to keep pace with demand for NT. Synapse remains inactive until NT has been replenished.
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temporal summation
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one presynaptic neuron transmits impulses in rapid-fire order.
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Vesicle
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Tiny nearly spherical packets in the presynaptic terminal that hold high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules.
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VTA
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ventral tegmental area is located in midbrain, is a major source of axons that release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
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