Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-precaution against unnecessary musculoskeletal injury and soreness
-may enhance certain aspects of performance -prepares body physiologically ofr physical work -increases metabolic processes , core temperature, and muscle elasticity |
warm up
|
|
-essential component of workout
-brings body back to resting state -5-10 minutes in duration -often ignored -decreased muscle soreness following training if time used to stretch after workout |
cool-down
|
|
ability to move a joint(s) smoothly through a full range of motion (ROM)
|
flexibility
|
|
__ results in:
-decreased permormance capabilities -uncoordinated/awkward movements -predisposes athlete to injury |
decreased range of motion
|
|
factors that limit fleibility
|
-bony structures
-tissue approximation -excessive fat -muscle and tendon lengths -connective tissue -scarring and contractures -skin -neural tissue tightness |
|
-dynamic flexibility
-ability to move a joint with little resistance |
active range of motion
|
|
-static flexibility
-motion of joint to end points without muscle contractoin |
passive range of motion
|
|
-the muscle producing movement
-quadreiceps contract to produce knee extension |
agonist
|
|
-muscle undergoing stretch during movement
|
antagonist
|
|
a protractor that utilizes alignment of two arms parallel to longitudinal axis of two segments involved in motion
|
goniometer
|
|
the ability to generate force against resistance
|
strength
|
|
the relationship between strength and time
|
power
|
|
repetitive muscular contractions (increase strength=increase endurance)
|
muscular endurance
|
|
-no length change occurs during contraction
-pro: quick, effective, chap, good for rehab -con: only works at one point in ROM |
isometric contraction
|
|
two kinds of isotonic contractions
|
concentric and eccentric
|
|
shortening of muscle with contraction in an effort to overcome more resistance
|
concentric
|
|
lengthening of muscle with contraction because load is greater than force being produced
|
eccentric
|
|
muscle fibers that are:
-fatigue reistant -time necessary to produce force is greater -long duration, aerobic type activites -generally major constituent of postural muscles |
slow twitch (Type 1)
|
|
muscle fibers that are:
-fatigualble -anaerobic in nature -high force in short amount of time -produces powerful movements |
fast twitch (type II)
|
|
says that activity must be increased and upgraded constantly in order to gain a higher response from the body
-work at or near maximum capacity -applicable to conditioning and training |
overload principle
|
|
isotonic training=
|
resistance training
|
|
-free exercise
-isotonic training -gravity's involvement determines level of intensity -full range of motion, may incorporate holding phase -pull-ups, push ups, back extensions, leg extensions |
calisthenic strengthening exercises
|
|
-rapid stretch, eccentric contraction followed by a rapid concentric contraction to create a forceful explosive movement
|
plyometric exercise
|
|
health conditions brought on due to heat
|
hyperthermia
|
|
-benign condition associated with red raised rash, combined with preckling with sweat
-result of continuously wet, un-evaporated sweat -prevent by continually toweling body |
heat rash
|
|
-associated with rapid fatigue and overexposure, standng in heat for a long period of time
-caused by peripheral vasodilation or pooling of blood in extremities resulting in dizziness and fainting -treat by placing athlete in cool environment, cosuming fluids and laying down |
heat syncope (heat collapse)
|
|
-painful muscle spasms due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance
-occurs in individual in good shape that overexert themselves -return to play unlikely |
heat cramps
|
|
-result of inadequate fluid replacement
-unable to sustain adequate cardiac output -core temp will be <104 -breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanism -drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete -athlete should avoid exercise for a minimum of one week and gradually return to full practice |
exertional heat stroke
|
|
-fluid electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood
-caused by ingesting too much fluid before during and after exercise |
exertional hyponatremia
|
|
ways to prevent heat illness:
|
-common sense and precaution
-fluid and electrolyte replacement -using sports drinks -gradual acclimatization -uniform selection -weight records |
|
the body requires __L of water daily when engaged in minimal activity
|
2.5
|
|
__ drop in body weight (due to dehydration) results in thirst
|
1-2%
|
|
early pre-season training and graded intesnsity changes re recommended with progressive exposure over __ day period
|
7-10
|
|
__ of acclimatization can be achieved during the first 5-6 days with 2 hour morning and afternoon practice session
|
80%
|
|
avoid __ suits
|
rubberized
|
|
a __ loss in BW will reduce blood volue and could be a health threat
|
3-5%
|
|
health problems due to cold
|
hypothermia
|
|
-involves ears, nose, chin, fingers, and toes
-occurs with high wind and or severe cold -skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister -treat with firm pressure, blowing warm air or hands in armpits -do not rub |
frost nip
|
|
__ reslut from prolonged exposure causing redness and sweling, tingling pain in toes and figers
-due to poor circulation |
chilblains
|
|
__ involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue
-appears pale hard waxy and cold -when rewarming, area will feel numb, then sting and burn |
superficial frostbite
|
|
-indicates frozen skin requireing hospitalization
-rapid rewarming necessary -tissue blotchy red, swollen, painful, may become gangranous |
deep frostbite
|
|
#2 cause of death by weather phenomena
|
lightening
|
|
in a lightning storm, you want to go to a facility that has __
|
plumbing
|
|
if the flash-bang count is 30 it indicates __
|
inherent danger
|
|
if the flash-bang count is 15 seconds everyone should __
|
leave the field
|
|
__ is the return stroke of the lightning going back up after it has already hit the ground
|
visible lightning
|
|
a hand-held intrument that is albe to detect storm occuring within 40 miles, gives directin and level of activity
|
lightning detector
|
|
desynchronization of biological and biophysical time clock
|
circadian dysrhythmia
|
|
the body immediatly adapts to __
|
protein metabolism
|
|
the body adapts to __ over 8 days
|
body temp
|
|
the body adapts to __ after three weeks
|
adrenal hormones
|
|
-durable, offers great consistancy, usable with inclement weather, requiers less maintenence
-better speed and resiliency |
synthtic turf
|
|
most recentkind of synthetic turf
|
resilient infill turf
|
|
if equipment results in inury due to defect or inadequacy for intended use, the __ is liable
|
manufacturer
|
|
if equipment is modified the __ is liable
|
modifer
|
|
association established for voluntary testing standards in an effort to reduce head injuries
|
National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)
|
|
T/F helmets prevent concussions?
|
False!!!
|
|
each football helmet must have a visible exterior __
|
warning label
|
|
four categories of face protection:
|
-face gaurd
-throat protection -mouth gaurds -ear gaurds |
|
three types of mouth gaurds
|
-stock
-commercial -custom |
|
shoulderpads that are bulkier and used by those engaged in blocking and tackling
|
cantilevered shoulderpads
|
|
shoulderpads that do not restrict motion
|
non-cantilevered shoulderpads
|
|
-premade and packaged vs constructed according to the individual
-can be used immediately but hard to fit well vs specifically sized and designed for protective and supportive needs |
off the self vs customized equipment
|
|
when fitting a helmet, head/hair should be __ to simulate sweat
|
wet
|
|
how can you test if a helmet is snug fitting?
|
the credit card test
|
|
jaw pads in helmets are essential for preventing __
|
lateral rocking
|
|
research has indicated to that a baseball helmet does __ to dissipate energy of a ball
|
little
|
|
reduced the number of facial injuries but increased the number of concussions because head is most often used in initial contact
|
face protection
|
|
in high school hockey, __ are required (with some plastic coating) that meet hockey equipment certifications council and American society for testing material
|
face masks
|
|
required in collision and high-velocity sports
-girdle and belt types |
hips and butt pads
|
|
there is significant debate over the efficacy of __
|
ankle supports
|
|
type of brace:
-widely used following surgery -allows controlled progressive immobilization -adjustable |
rehabilitative
|
|
type of brace:
-used during and following rehab to provide functional support -ready made and customized |
functional brace
|
|
type of brace:
-used by those that have sustained collateral ligament injuries -some are also used to provide support in those that have patellofemoral conditions |
neoprene brace
|
|
an athletic trainer should b able to __ and __ protective devices
|
design, construct
|
|
soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is versatile, can be used for protection or absorption
|
gauze
|
|
soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is cheapest and more widely used (absorbent, holds emollients and offers mild padding)
|
cotton
|
|
soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is made of matted wool fibers, pressed in a variety of thicknesses
|
felt
|
|
used in orthotics, braces, splints, and for shielding body parts
-casting support for foot, protect contusions |
thermomoldable plastics
|
|
state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes to another person
|
liability
|
|
the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care
|
negligence
|
|
-assumes that a person is of ordinary and reasonable prudence
-bring commonsense approach to the situation -must operate within the appropriate limitations of ones educational background |
standards of reasonable care
|
|
legal wrongs committed against a person (liability results)
|
torts
|
|
failure to perform legal duty (i.e. fail to refer)
|
nonfeasance
|
|
performs action that is not his/hers to legally perform (i.e. perform advanced treatment leading to complications)
|
malfeasance
|
|
the athletic trainer has a duty to provide __ to athletes
|
coverage
|
|
individual possessing higher level of training will possess higher level of __
|
competence
|
|
provides limited protection against legal liability to one that provides care should something go wrong
|
good samaritan law
|
|
-specific length of time an individual can sue for injury resulting from negligence
-varies by state but generally ranges from one to three years -clock begins at the time the negligent act results in suit or from the time injury is discovered following negligent act -minors generally have an extension |
statutes of limitations
|
|
-athlete is made aware of inherent risks involved in sport and voluntarily decides to continue participating
-expressed in written waiver or implied from conduct of athlete once participation begins -con be used as defense against an athletes negligence suit |
assumption of risk
|
|
__ does not excuse overseers from exhibiting reasonable care and prudence in regards to conduct of activities or foreseeing potential hazards
|
assumption of risk
|
|
in order to reduce risk this person should:
warn athletes of potential dangers involved in sport -supervise regularly and attentively -prepare and condition athletes -instruct athletes on skills of their respective sports -ensure proper and safe equipment and facilities |
coach
|
|
in order to reduce risk this person should:
-work to establish good working relationships with athletes, parents, and coworkers -establish policies regarding athletic training facility and coverage -develop emergency plan of action -know the medical history of athletes -maintain adequate records |
athletic trainer
|
|
clear written out statements of basic rules
|
policies
|
|
describe the process of how follow rules
|
procedures
|
|
determines:
-why there is a need for such a program -function of program within scope of athletic program -extent of health care program -written mission statement to focus direction of program |
strategic plan development
|
|
-appropriate coverage of facility and sports
-setup of treatments, rehab, game and practice coverage vary |
facility personnel coverage
|
|
-certified athletic trainer or at least a student should attend all practices and games
-different institutions ahve different levels of coverage based on personnel risks involved with sports |
sports coverage
|
|
cleaning responsibilities are divided between __ staff and __ personnel
|
athletic training, maintenance
|
|
sweep floors daily, clean and disinfect sinks and tubs, mop hydrotherapy room, empty wast baskets
|
maintenance crew
|
|
clean treatment tables, disinfect hydrotherapy room and modalities daily, clean equipment regularly
|
athletic training staff
|
|
accessibility to __ in all major areas of activity is a must
|
phones
|
|
radios, cell and digital phones provide a great deal of __
|
flexibility
|
|
referrals should be made with assistance from a __
|
physician
|
|
__ is necessary when dealing with psychological and sociological events
|
parental involvement
|
|
head athletic trainer must serve as a __ and work to enhance professional development of staff
|
supervisor
|
|
__ should take place regularly
|
performance evaluations
|
|
area with centrally located sloping floor to drain, equipped with 2-3 whirlpools, shelving and storage space and outlets above the floor
|
hydrotherapy area
|
|
area that provides adequate space and equipment to perform reconditioning of injuries
|
exercise rehabilitation center
|
|
3-4 taping tables and storage cabinets to treat athletes with proximity to a sink
|
taping, bandaging, and orthotics area
|
|
space for physician to work which may hold exam table, lockable storage, sink, telephone, refrigerator
|
physicians exam room
|
|
space devoted to record keeping which may include filing system or computer based database, that allows access only to medical personnel
|
records area
|
|
training rooms often lack __
|
ample storage space
|
|
-space at least 10x12 feet is ample
-all areas should be supervised without leaving office space (glass partitions) -equipment should include desk, chair, tack board, telephone, computer, and independent locking system |
athletic trainers office
|
|
separate room that can be secured for storing and administrating medications (records must be maintained concerning administration)
|
pharmacy area
|
|
if space permits, must be accessible to individuals with various injuries with graduated depth and non-slip surface
|
rehabilitation pool
|
|
separate room with lead shielding in walls, large enough to house necessary equipment
|
X-ray room
|
|
-major responsibility of AT
-accurate and up-to-date is the rule, not the exception |
record keeping
|
|
-regulates dissemination of personal history information (PHI) by coaches, ATC's physicians and other members of the sports medicine team
-gaurantee's athlete access to information and control over disclosure -athlete may provide written authorization for release of information |
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
|
|
-law protecting privacy of student education records
-provides parents with certain reights with respect to childs educational records |
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
|
|
when the child turns __ FERPA rights are transferred to the student
|
18
|
|
-a crucial test with the purpose to identify athlete that may be at risk
-should include: medical history, physical exam, orthopedic screening, wellness screening -establishes a baseline satisfies insurance and liability issue |
pre-participation examinations
|
|
__ serve as future references, can shed light on events that may be hazy following an incident, are necessary in litigation, and should be filed in the athletic training room
|
injury reports
|
|
-keep track of AT services so daily treatments can be recorded
-can be used as legal documentation in instances of litigation |
treatment log
|
|
contains contact information for family, personal, physician, and insurance information
|
personal information card
|
|
injuries and progress should be monitored by athletic trainer and recorded with SOAP not format. SOAP stand for __
|
S: subjective (history of injury/illness)
O: Objective (information gathered during evaluation) A: Assessment (opinion of injury based on information gained during evaluation) P: Plan (short and long term goals of rehab) |
|
inventory must be taken __ in order to effectively replenish supplies
|
yearly
|
|
-written consent is required
-waiver must be signed for any release |
release of medical records
|
|
-broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport
-involves a number of specialties involving active populations -typically classified as relating to performance enhancement or injury care and management |
sports medicine
|
|
what year was the NATA founded? And what does it stand for?
|
1950, National Athletic Trainers Association
|
|
what year was the IFSM founded? and what does it stand for?
|
1928, International Federation of Sports Medicine
|
|
when was the NSCA founded and what does it stand for?
|
1978, National Strength and Conditioning Association
|
|
when was NCAA CCSMAS founded and what does it stand for?
|
1985, NCAA Committee on Competitive Safegaurds and Medical Aspects of Sports
|
|
purpose is to enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries
|
National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA)
|
|
NATA now has __ members
|
30,000
|
|
-interested in the study of all aspects of sports
-membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sposts -18,000 members |
american college of sports medicine
|
|
what are the two kinds of accreditation you can get from the NSCA?
|
-Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)
-NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT) |
|
-collects and develops pertinent information regarding desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures
-supervises drug education and drug testing programs |
NCAA Committee on Competitive Safegaurds and Medical Aspects of Sports
|
|
a person charged with injury prevention and heath care provision for the athlete
|
athletic trainer
|
|
AT's deal with the athlete and injury from its __ until the athlete returns to full competition
|
inception
|
|
-prevention of AI
-clincal eval and diagnosis -immediate care of injuries -treatment, rehab, and reconditioning of AI -health care administration -professional responsibilities |
roles and responsibilities of the AT
|
|
-risk management
-pathology of injuries and illnesses -assessment and evaluation -acute care -pharmacological aspects of injury and illness -theraputic modalities and exercise |
AT education competencies
|
|
major concern on the part of the ATC should be __
|
the athlete
|
|
ATC must keep parents informed, particularly in the __ setting
|
secondary school
|
|
AT works under direct supervision of a __
|
pysician
|
|
why have there been dramatic transformation in employment settings for the ATC since 1950?
|
the creation of the NATA
|
|
AMA officially recognized athletic training as an allied health profession
|
june 1990
|
|
entry level college and university athletic training education programs at both undergraduate and graduate levels are now accredited by __
|
Commission on Accrediting Athletic Training Education (CAATE)
|
|
advanced graduate AT programs are designed for people that are already __
|
certified ATC's
|
|
requirements for certification as an AT are set by the __
|
National Athletic Trainer's Association Board of Certification (NATABOC)
|
|
__ is a prerequisite for licensure in most states
|
BOC certification
|
|
ATC's are required to go to __ CEU's over the course of 3 years
|
75
|
|
__ will become the rule, not the exception for ATC's in the future
|
third party billing (billing insurance)
|
|
there is a potential for expansion of AT's in the __
|
military
|
|
physical injury or wound sustained in sport, produced by internal or external force
|
trauma
|
|
results from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter
|
mechanical injury
|
|
injury in sports can be the result of __ directed on the body or can occur within the body __
|
external forces, internally
|
|
force that pulls and stretches tissues
|
tension
|
|
pulling tissue beyond yield point resulting in damage
|
stretching
|
|
force that results in tissue crush
|
compression
|
|
force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue
|
shearing
|
|
force on a horizontal beam that places stress within the structure
|
bending
|
|
two kinds of soft or non-bony tissue
|
inert and contractile
|
|
ligaments, skin, cartilage, capsules, fascia, dura mater, and nerve roots
|
inert tissues
|
|
muscles, tendons and bony insertions
|
contractile tissue
|
|
friction, scraping, compression, tearing, cutting, and penetrating
|
skin injuries due to mechanical forces
|
|
continuous rubbing over skin surface that causes a collection of fluid below or within epidermal layer
|
friction blister
|
|
skin is scraped against rough surface resulting in capillary exposure due to skin removal
|
abrasion
|
|
compression or crush injury of skin surface that produces bleeding under the skin
|
skin bruise (contusion)
|
|
wound in which skin has been irregularly torn
|
laceration
|
|
skin that is torn by same mechanism as laceration to the extent that tissue is completely ripped from source
|
skin avulsion
|
|
wound in which skin has been sharply cut
|
incision
|
|
penetration of the skin by a sharp object
|
puncture
|
|
-result of sudden blow to body
-con be both deep and superficial |
contusions
|
|
in a contusion, a __ results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue
|
hematoma
|
|
a localization of extravasated vlood into clot encapulated by connective tissue
|
hematoma
|
|
-a stretch or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
|
strains
|
|
some fibers stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active ROM, movement painful but full range presnet
|
Grade 1 muscle strain
|
|
number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result
|
Grade II muscle strain
|
|
complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
|
Grade III muscle strain
|
|
-wavy parallel collagenous fivers organized in bundles
-can produce and maintian 8700-18000 lbs/in squared |
tendons
|
|
the breaking point of a tendon occurs at __ of increased length
|
6-8%
|
|
tears generally occur in __ and not in tendon
|
muscle
|
|
a reflex reaction caused by trauma
|
muscle spasms
|
|
alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession
|
clonic muscle spasm
|
|
rigid contraction that lasts a period of time
|
tonic muscle spasm
|
|
-inflammation of muscle tissue
-fibrositis or inflammation of connective tissue -plantar fascitis |
myositis/fascitis
|
|
-gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes
-obvious signs of swelling and pain |
tendinitis
|
|
-inflammation of synovial sheath
-in acture case-rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling -chronic cases result in thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus |
tenosynovitis
|
|
-bones are hold together by a fibrous cuff called the __
-maintains relative joint position |
joint capsule
|
|
sheets or bundles or collagen that form connection between bones
-intrinsic (inside the capsule) and extrinsic (outside the capsule |
ligaments
|
|
type of synovial joint:
allows movement in all planes |
ball and socket
|
|
type of synovial joint:
allows for flexion and extension |
hinge
|
|
type of synovial joint:
rotation about the axis |
pivot
|
|
type of synovial joint:
elliptical convex and concave articulation |
ellipsoidal
|
|
type of synovial joint:
reciprocally convex-concave |
saddle
|
|
type of synovial joint:
all sliding back and forth |
gliding
|
|
result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue
|
sprains
|
|
some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness
|
Grade 1 sprain
|
|
pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability
|
Grade II sprain
|
|
extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swellig, and ma also represent subluxation
|
grade III sprain
|
|
1. loss of limb function
2. gross deformity 3. swelling and point tenderness |
factors associated with dislocations
|
|
__ is the only absolute way to diagnose a dislocation
|
X-ray
|
|
-bone shaft, hollow and cylindrical
-covered in compact bone -medullary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum |
diaphysis
|
|
-composed of cancellous bone and has hyaline cartilage covering
-provides areas for muscle attachment |
epiphysis
|
|
-dense, white fibrous covering which penetrates bone via sharpey fibers
-contains blood vessels and osteoblasts |
periosteum
|
|
inflammation of the periosteum
-result primarily of contusions and produces rigid skin overlying muscle (acute and chronic) |
periostitis
|
|
partial or complete disruption that can be either closed or open (through skin)
-serious musculoskeletal condition -fracture occurs either directly (point of applied force) or indirectly |
acute bone fractures
|
|
no specific cause but with a number of possible causes ie overload due to muscle contraction, altered stress distribution etc
|
stress fractures
|
|
-short onset and duration
-change in hemodynamics, production of exudate, granular leukocytes |
acute inflammation
|
|
-long onset and duration
-presence of non=granular leukocytes and extensive scar tissue |
chronic inflammation
|
|
rubor
|
redness
|
|
tumor
|
swelling
|
|
color
|
heat
|
|
dolor
|
pain
|
|
functio laesa
|
loss of function
|
|
three phases of teh inflammatory response
|
1. inflammatory response phase
2. fibroblastic repair phase 3. maturation and remodeling phase |
|
Phase of inflammation:
-healing begins immediately -injury results in altered metabolism and liberation of various materials -initial reaction oby leukocytes and phagocytic cells |
phase one
|
|
when is this in the inflammatory response?
-vasocontriction and coagulation occur to seal blood vessels and chemical mediators are released -immediately followed by vasodilation or blood vessel |
first hour
|
|
when is this in the inflammatory response?
-vasodilation decreases blood flow, increased blood viscosity resulting in edema (swelling) -chemical mediators -swelling increases due to increased vessel permeability |
second hour
|
|
when is this in the inflammatory response?
-platelets adhere to exposed collagen leading to formation of plug clot |
clot formation
|
|
clots obstruct lymphatic fluid drainage and aid in __ injury
|
localizing
|
|
clot formation requires the conversion of __ to __
|
fibrinogen to fibrin
|
|
-occurs when acute inflammatory response does not eliminate injuring agent
-tissue not restored to normal physiologic state -involves replacement of leudocytes with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells |
chronic inflammation
|
|
typically associated with overuse, overload, cumulative microtrauma
|
chronic inflammation
|
|
three phases of scare tissues:
|
-resolution
-restoration -regeneration |
|
complaints of pain and tenderness gradually subside during this period
|
fibroplasia
|
|
-long-term process
-realignment of collagen relative to applied tensile forces -continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen=increased strength -tissue will gradually assume normal appearance -may require several years to complete |
phase III: maturation and remodeling
|
|
raised scars
|
keloids
|
|
-limited in capacity to heal
-little or no direct blood supply -chondrocyte and matrix disruption result in variable healing |
cartilage
|
|
__ that fails to clot and has no perichondrium heals very slowly
|
articular cartiage
|
|
if area involves subchondral bone (enhanced blood supply) __ tissue is present and healing proceeds normally
|
granulation
|
|
-follows similar healing course as other vascular tissues
-proper care will result in acute repair and remodeling phases in same time required by other vascular tissues -repair phase will involve random laying down of collagen which, as scar forms, will mature and realign in reaction to joint stresses and strain |
ligaments
|
|
-when injured, initial bleding followed by proliferation of ground substance and fibroblast
-collagen will matur and orient along lines of tension -healing could last 6-8 weeks depending on whats injured |
skeletal muscle healing
|
|
-requires dense fibrous union of separated ends
-abundance of collagen is required for good tensile strength |
tendon
|
|
nerves heal at a rate of __ mm per day
|
3-4
|
|
NSAIDS
|
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
|
|
major aim involves pain free movemnt, full strength power and full extensibility of associated muscles
|
therapeutic exercise
|
|
5 steps of fracture healing
|
-hematoma formation
-cellular proliferation -callus formation -ossificaiton -remodeling |
|
when bone dies and union/healing will not occur (head of femur, navicular of wrist, talus, bone fragments)
|
avascular necrosis
|
|
3 ways bone may not heal properly
|
-poor blood supply
-poor immobilization -infection |
|
-major indicator of injury
-both individual and subjective |
pain
|
|
fast pain is localized and carried through __
|
A-delta axons
|
|
slow pain is percceived as aching throbbing or burning, transmitted through __
|
C fibers
|
|
pain less than 6 months in duration
|
acute pain
|
|
pain longer than 6 months
|
chronic pain
|
|
pain which occurs away from actual site of injury/irritation
|
referered pain
|
|
__ are sensative to pressure and can produce paresthesia
|
A-alpha fibers
|
|
pain theory that says: pain goes through gate and brain decides
|
central biasing theory
|
|
pain theory that says:
pain waves go to brain which releases B-endorphins |
B-endorphin
|
|
you must break the __ cycle through treatment to cure pain
|
pain-spasm-hypoxia-pain
|