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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When is the most rapid change of development for an individual?
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In early childhood.
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What does the organization "Zero to Three" deal with?
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Studies relating to the fundemental time of early childhood that if disrupted can hinder functioning later on.
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Where and when does brain development begin?
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The neural plate folds into the neural tube; 3 to 4 weeks after conception.
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What condition can result if the neural tube does not close?
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Spina bifida.
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What is the best prevention mechanism for spina bifida?
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Folic acid prior to conception.
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What symptoms are associated with spina bifida?
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water on the brain, organ troubles, learning disabilities.
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The condition spina bifida is most common in this group.
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Hispanics.
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What correlations are associated with spina bifida?
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Low socio-economic status, obestity, lack of nutrition/care, high temperature exposure.
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Which section of the brain develops last?
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The forebrain.
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Where is the "survival center" for a developing infant?
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In the hindbrain.
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What is proliferation?
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Production of neurons occurs; probably almost all that you'll ever have exist at birth.
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When does proliferation occur?
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Between 2-4 months following conception; espeically between 10-20 weeks.
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What is migration?
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The process in which the neurons move to the "right place" in the brain; collection with other cells to form major parts of the brain; a genetically and biochemically directed process.
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When does migration occur?
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Between eight to 15 weeks.
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What can faulty migration lead to?
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Developmental disorders in the infant.
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What is differentiation?
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Growth in size of the neurons and neurotransmitter production.
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When does differentiation occur?
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The last few prenatal months and the first few years.
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What is and when does synaptogenesis occur?
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A brain "growht-spurt" and creation of synapses.
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Why does the brain need early stimulation?
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To ensure that there is the greatest amount of efficiency later on in life.
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When is the greatest damage from teratogens possible?
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During migration, as if neurons don't reach final destination, mental retardation can result.
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Why might those with fetal alcohol syndrome have problems with mental retardation and lower intelligence?
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Fetal alcohol syndrome causes children to be hyperactive and have a short attention span, and attention is the "gateway" to cognition.
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What are some physical traits of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome?
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Flat midface, upturned nose, eye folds, smooth filtrim.
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What structurally is different about a child with FAS?
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They have larger brain ventricles, and less white matter with fewer synaptic connections. This can affect executive functioning and attention.
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What structure helps neurons network together?
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The growth comb.
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In experiments with rats, what did the differences in the brain show between the impoverished and rich environment conditions?
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Those in the rich environment had greater cortex size, capillary supply, glial cells and Ach.
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Who conducted the study with Romanian orphans?
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Elinor Ames.
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After 10 years of having been out of a Romanian orphanage, what differences were noticed?
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Lower IQ scores and school achievements, and ongoing learning disabilities.
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With Elinor Ames study, what is important to note?
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The great individual variability that exists;
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Why does brain plasticity relate to the Romanian orphan study?
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We have have an over-production of synapses intially because hte neurons aren't fully comitted to a function; so changes can still be made potentially later on.
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What can overstimulation for young child cause?
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ADHD; they do not have the power to turn off televisions; need human interaction.
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What is cephalocaudal development?
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Development in the child goes from head to tail; hence why children's heads are abnormally large but average out over time.
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What is proximodistal development?
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The sequence of physical maturation that goes from the center of the body to the extremities.
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What is the orthogenetic principle?
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The fact that physical development moves from general to specific - think of organ development.
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What are the purposes of reflexes?
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They are involuntary, however they are necessary for
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What are the major milestones of locomotor development?
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Gross motor skills, crawling and walking.
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Who developed the dynamic systems perspective?
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Esther Thelen.
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What is the dynamic systems perspective?
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New skills emerge as infants actively re-organize existing motor capabilities into new and more complex action systems.
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What is proprioception?
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The sense of movement and location in sense that infants gain at 9 months.
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What motivates babies to learn how to reach?
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Contact and learning.
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When does the ulnar grasp develop?
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At three to four months; can be adjusted to size and shape of an object; fingers go against the palm.
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When does the pincer grasp develop?
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At one year of age; can pick up raisins and turn knobs, etc.
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What are secular growth trends?
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Changes in physical development from one generation to the next; has cultural variation; we're bigger than ever before.
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When does early adolescence occur in girls?
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Between the ages of 10 and 12.
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What marks the peak of the female growth spurt?
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Menarche.
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What are the hormones released for girls and boys during adolescence?
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Estrogen and androgens.
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What are the secondary sex characteristics that develop during adolescence?
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Boys: broadening of hte shoulders, less fat; girls: broadening hips and more fat.
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What can potentially cause precocious puberty in girls?
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Environmental toxins, obesity, societal changes (sexual image portrayal).
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Of adolescents maturing early/late, who usually has the most problems?
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Early maturing girls and late maturing boys.
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What are some of the declines in functioning that can occur with aging?
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Decrease in reserve capacity for emergencies, slowing of motor skills, chronic diseases (osteoarthritis) and menopause/andropause.
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What is selective optimization with compensation?
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You have to be selective about the things you do when you age - have goals, recognize obstacles and figure out to compensate.
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What is perception?
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How we categorize sensations and interpret them;
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What are the two different theories related to perception?
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1) Enrichment theory (Piaget) - available knowledge enhances sensory information; 2) Differentiation theory (Gibson) all information is available in the sensory stimulation; we must detect the differentiating information.
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What did the empiricists believe?
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You need to build on skills as a young infant; they have no idea what is going on; William James thought this way.
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What did the nativists believe?
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The infant is equipped with skills that cause him/her to be smarter than we think.
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What is starting state nativism?
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The baby comes equipped with certain skills, but also needs to be stimulated by the environment; a compromise between the nativists and the empiricists.
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What is a disadvantage of the preferential looking technique?
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It requires motivation on the infant to discrimate the stimuli - might not be interested in interacting.
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What is habituation?
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Presenting something to a child over and over again until the response decreases; if infants dishabituate (exhibit the original response) to the second stimulus, then they can discriminate. Again, requires motivation, but the most common technique.
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What is evoked potential?
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A measurement of neural development in the child; electrodes are placed on the infant's head in areas that are invovled in information processing;
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What are ERP's?
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Related to evoked potential measurements; event related potentials; baby can get bored and doesn't always stay still.
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What sort of learning does high-amplitude sucking use?
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Operant conditioning.
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What is high amplitude sucking?
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Infants are giving a pacifier with a special circuitry that activates a slide projector when sucking rate increases;
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What vision cues do babies prefer?
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Patterns of modern complexity; contours (light and dark transitions), human faces (evolutionary advantage) and movement.
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What aspect of vision is better intially?
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Peripheral vision is better intially;
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What are kinetic depth cues?
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They are cues that are created by movements of the body or of objects in the environment;
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Why might infants learn languages with greater ease than adults?
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Their early discrimination of basic speech sounds (phonemes) are better than adults; however, synaptic pruning can occur.
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What did DeCasper and Fifer realize about infants' voice recognition?
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Babies can recognize the voice of the mother within the first three days of life; modify the sucking style for mom's voice as a reward; heartbeat will increase in fetus with mother's voice.
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What is cross-modal perception?
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When the usage of one sensory modality helps to identify a stimulus that you have already experienced in another modality; requires the development of source knowledge - knowing how we know something.
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What does cross-modal perception invovle?
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The integration of senses.
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What was the claim made by Meltzoff and Borton?
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They believed that newborns can tactually and visually discriminate; they can store mental represenations and relate them to one another. Experiment required three experimenters, normally kids prefer novel objects, but 24/32 looked at the similarly textured object.
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What did Lewkowicz and Terkewitz claim?
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That at one month of age, there was cross modal equivalence of auditory and visual intensity.
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What are intuitive theories?
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There are organized systems of knowledge that allow infants to make sense of the wrold;
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What did Elizabeth Spelke believe in?
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"core knowledge"; the fact that we have inbuilt knowledge, goes along with intutitive theories.
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What is "theory theory"?
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THe idea that the child is all about revising knowledge once they are exposed to new, conflicting knowledge; but does humans hypothesize early on?
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What did the neonatal theory state?
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That 12-21 year old infants can imitate others;
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What did Meltzoff and Moore think about the emergence of representation?
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They believed that babies can compare sensory information from their motor action with the representation of the gestures and construct a "match"; through observational learning.
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What did Karen Wynn believe?
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She thought that infants possess true numerical concepts - they were able to add and subtract/
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What was a concern with Wynn's findings?
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There was violation of expectancy - when you're not expecting something, you'll look at it longer because you don't understand it - so Wynn claimed that this showed that infants could add and subtract because they looked longer at the impossible addition.
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Overall, what do the findings regarding perception reveal?
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Perceptual understanding does not imply cognitive understanding.
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What is the meaning of anism?
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Attributing human like characteristics to objects; Piaget.
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What did Piaget's research reveal about the learning process of children?
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He emphasized the importance of errors as sources of imformation;
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What is genetic epistemology?
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The study of how knowledge grows.
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What is equilibrium?
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Things are fine in a stage; stable; associated with assimilation: incorporating information into exisiting schemes;
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What is cognitive disequilibrium?
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When something in a scheme no longer makes sense; motivates accommodation: adjust schemes to account for new information;
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What is decaloge?
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Uneveness in domains/subject areas no matter in what stage you are; can have different ability levels in one stage;
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Wha is recognitory assimilation?
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The infant recognizes how to fit blanket in mouth vs. thumb.
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How can the speed of neural transmissions increase in the developing brain?
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With the myelin sheath.
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What did Hubel's and Wiesel's findings illustrate?
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They did an experiment with kittens, that showed that the brain has great plasticity - the response to an individual's experience can develop in a variety of ways.
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What occurs in lateralization?
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THe functions of the two brain hemispheres diverge and they communicate through the corpus callosum.
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What can the absence of primative reflexes indicate in young infants?
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Neurological disorders.
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What advantage can sleep have for infants?
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It can help them regulate sensory stimulation.
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What are rhythmic stereotypes?
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The fact that infants move their bodies in repetative ways - rocking, swaying, bouncing. Esther Thelen - infants performed these actions before a new skill emerged but not after.
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What did Esther Thelen's findings reveal?
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That nature and nurture are both inseparable and essential.
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What stimulates activity for adolescent growth?
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The hypothalamus.
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What is ageism?
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Prejudice against elderly individuals.
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What is HRT?
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Hormone Replacement Therapy - designed to reduce menopause symptoms.
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What is important to note between the differences in male and female aging?
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Male andropause is more varied, gradual and less complete.
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What famous individual was an empiricist?
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John Locke believed in the tabula rasa (blank slate) in infants.
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What is visual accomodation?
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The ability of the lens to change shape to bring objects at different distances into focus;
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What is the site of the nasal receptors called?
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Olfaction.
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What aspect of a child are imporatnt for recognizing touch, temperature and pain?
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Tactile Sensors.
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What sort of attention develops in the child?
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Selective attention - deliberately concentrating on one thing while ignoring another; attention becomes more discriminating with time;
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What occurs in the adult in relation to sensory and perceptual capacities?
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Raised sensory thresholds - the point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected.
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What term describes why adults may have to wear reading glasses?
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Presbyopia - decreased ability of the lens to accommodate objects close to the eye;
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What is one's peak visual acuity?
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In their 20's.
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What is the clinical method and who used this technique?
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Flexible question and answering to discover how children think about problems; Piaget.
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What is adaptation?
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The process of adjusting to the demands of the environment; occurs through assimilation and accommodation;
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How does intelligence develop in an individual?
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Through interation of the individual and his/her environment;
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What is the A-not-B error?
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The tendancy of 8 to 12 month olds to search for an object in the place they last found it, rather than in the new hiding place; capable of mental representations at 18 months.
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