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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
emotions |
-immediate responses of organism to environmental events/internal thoughts -involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience -influences behaviour -can be negative or positive |
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feelings |
-subjective experience of emotion -specific interpretation -ex. emotion = love, feeling = security, happiness, etc. -experiences associated with emotion |
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mood |
-longer term -diffuse into every aspect/experienced in every moment -does not interrupt/influence behaviour (but can get interrupted: bad mood + good news = good mood) -emotional states that can last hours, days, weeks |
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Causal sequence problem |
stimulus - emotion - physiological arousal |
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James-Lange Theory |
stimulus - arousal - emotion ex. see car coming towards you = racing heart = noticing racing heart = fear |
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facial feedback hypothesis |
*apart of James-Lange theory* - facial expression causes emotion ex. if you are sad, and force yourself to smile, you will eventually feel happy |
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Strack, Martin, Stepper |
held experiment in which participants held pen either with lips (caused frown), with hand (control), or with teeth (causes smile). Participants were later assessed on subjective opinion on how funny a comic was. Those who held the pen w their teeth had highest ratings of amusement |
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criticisms of james-lange theory |
most emotions have similar physiological affects. Ex. your HR, skin conductance, and palm heat all increases when you are sad or happy |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
-arousal and emotions occur simultaneously -independent of one another -stimulus = emotion + arousal |
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Two-factor Theory |
-Schacter and Singer -emotions derive from arousal and cognitive appraisal - stimulus = arousal = cognitive explanation = emotional state - what a person believes caused the emotion will determine how they label it - ex. oncoming car = heart races = due to car or due to hearing bad news? |
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cognitive appraisal |
how an individual interprets a situation/stimulus -ex. serial killer sees murder as fun, but normal person sees it as immoral act |
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Schacter and Singer 1962 |
participants split into 4 groups: one injected with epinephrine and one injected with placebo (not told). Both types of groups went into room with angry person and with happy person. Those injected with epinephrine in room with angry person experienced lessened feelings of anger, because they only believed that it came from the epinephrine, while those who did not know what they had taken had higher levels of anger because of the angry person. Same thing with happy room |
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misattribution of arousal |
-process in which individuals make a mistake in assuming what is causing them to feel aroused -Dutton and Aron: after walking along the suspension bridge to see the attractive female, the males believed they were experiencing arousal due to seeing the attractive females as opposed to the leftover physiological arousal from the swinging bridge |
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amygdala |
-processes emotional significance of stimuli -generates emotional and behavioural responses |
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insula |
-receives and processes somatosensory signals from entire body |
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quick and slow response |
eyes receive stimulus (snake), send to thalamus, to visual cortex, to amygala, then finally interpretation: "this is a snake, get away!", then arousal is stimulated (pounding heart) |
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Zajonc; Ledoux |
Zajonc: emotional reactions occur before appraisal of situation - instant; before cognitive appraisal Ledoux: emotions take the "low road" - bypasses cortex (sees stimulus - thalamus - amygdala - response) enables quick emotional response before intellect intervenes (due to bypassing cortex) unaware of what has occurred |
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happiness |
happy people are healthier, more confident, socially connected, more creative happiness is adaptive - those who are happy are prosocial which keeps us to perform beneficial behaviours |
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behaviour of happy people |
based on Isen and Levin 1972a: happier people were more likely to pick books up for stranger who dropped them based on Isen and Levin 1972b: given coin for telephone call, or did not receive coin for telephone call; those who received coin more likely to help person who dropped papers based on Isen and Levin 1972c: participants given gift - told to make a call after x amount of minutes since given gift - the shorter or longer u wait to make phone call decreases the likeliness to help |
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Feel-good-do-good phenomenon |
tendency to be helpful when in a good mood - happiness focuses attention outward |
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what do the results of Isen and Levin's 1972c study suggest? |
that emotions are short lives; ex. after 4 minutes, helping behaviour declines |
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main view with anger? |
catharsis theory - emotional release (venting anger) will produce improvement in psyche state (ex. via aggressive action or fantasy) |
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criticism with catharsis theory |
aggressive actions only work if they direct the counter attack towards the provoker, if the retaliation seems justifiable, and if their target is not intimidating - only temporary calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious -breeds more anger; provokes further retaliation |
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causes of rumination |
repressed negative emotions causes: -build up in individual -psychological symptoms (hysteria) |
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hydraulic model of anger |
Lee 1993: taking out anger on something other than the source of anger. venting rage physically and verbally so as to stop holding in the anger |
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busman 2002 |
-participants wrote an essay (pro choice/life) then swapped essays
-anger about opposite views -those hit a punching bag had lower levels of anger -those who ruminated had higher levels of anger |
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Hornberger 1959 |
all participants received insult from friend -half hammered nails for 10 mins -half didn't -those who hammered were more hostile towards friend |
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criticism with catharsis theory pt.2 |
not good due to: anger-feedback mechanism (neoassociation theory - rumination keeps aggressive thoughts and angry feelings active in memory |
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positives of anger |
adaptive - can be used to communicate strength and competence; enables us to express a grievance to promote reconciliation - controlled expressions of anger = talking things out and keeping things civil; acting assertively; resolves conflicts |
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competitive victimhood |
-decrease competitive victimhood = more forgiveness -increase = increase guilt |
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guilt |
adaptive - encourages care, discouragement of wrong actions, strengthens social bonds |
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embarrassment |
-violation of cultural norm -lose physical poise -teased -experience threat to self image results in adaptive behaviour: affiliation w social group more sympathy, more laughter, more forgiveness |
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evolved function of fear |
increased ability to detect threat in environment
(emotion experienced with self alone) |
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evolved function of disgust |
determines which substances are potentially toxic (emotion experienced with self alone) |
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evolved function of happiness |
motivates continuation of beneficial activities (emotion experienced with self alone) |
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evolved function of anger |
motivates oneself to correct perceived slight (emotion experienced with self alone) |
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evolved function of pride |
communicate expertise and status to others (emotion experienced comparing self to others) |
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evolved function of embarrassment |
appease others and communicate acceptance of fault (emotion experienced comparing self to others) |
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evolved function of guilt |
motivate cooperation with others (emotion experienced comparing self to others) |