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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology is... (2) |
science and worldview |
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Psych is impirical because |
based on observations, know through the world |
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Psych is theoretically diverse because |
we use different theories |
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Psych is theoretically diverse |
influenced by changing cultures |
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SQ3R |
system designed to promote effective reading. survey, question, read, recite and review |
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critical thinking |
use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase probability of a desirable outcome |
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theory |
is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
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independent variable |
condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable (has control over) |
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dependent variable |
the variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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extraneous variable |
any variable other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable |
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confounding variables |
occurs when 2 variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort of the effects |
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naturalistic observation |
researcher engages in careful observation without intervening with subjects |
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reactivity |
occurs when someones behaviour is altered by the presence of observer |
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median |
the middle score of all the scores |
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mean |
the average score |
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mode |
the most frequent score |
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variability |
refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and the mean |
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correlation |
exists when 2 variables are related to eachother |
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correlation coefficient ( 2 variables) |
numerical index of the relationship between two variables 1) the direction (-/+) 2) how strongly related |
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meta analysis |
combo to stats of many different studies with the same question, creating an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effect |
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placebo effect |
when a participant expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty/no treatment |
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double blind procedure |
a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenter know which subjects are in controlled or experimental groups |
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drive theories |
how INTERNAL tension pushes us to do things ex: hunger |
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incentive theories |
how EXTERNAL goals pull us in certain directions |
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evolutionary theories |
assert that motives are products of natural selection that have adaptive value in reproduction |
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affiliation motive |
is the need to associate with others to maintain social bonds |
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achievement mode |
individual differences in need for achievement, influenced by fear/failure |
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hypothalamus |
a tiny structure involved in the regulations of variety of biological needs related to survival |
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lateral hypothalmus + ventromedial nuculus of the hypothalamus |
where the on/off switch is located for hunger |
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glucostatic theory |
proposed that fluctuations in blood glucose levels are monitored in the brain where hunger is influenced |
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insulin |
hormone secreated by pancrease |
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leptin |
is produced by fat cells throughout the body and release into blood stream |
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3 environmental habits for hunger |
1) availability of food 2) learned preferences and habits 3) stress |
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normative cues |
indicators of socially appropriate food intake |
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sensory cues |
characteristics of the food (this is what obese people are sensitive to) |
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set point theory |
the body monitors fat cell levels to keep the weight stable |
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settling point theory |
weight tends to drift around the level at which factors determine food consumption and energy |
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Human Sexual Response Phases (3) |
excitement plateau orgasm |
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thematic apperception test
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a projective test that required subjects to respond to vague stimuli to reveal personal motives and traits |
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Emotions involve (3) |
1) subjective conscious experience 2) bodily arrousal 3) characteristic overt expressions |
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autonomic nerves |
responsible for fight/flight |
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Amygdala |
plays a central role in fears |
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prefrontal cortex |
role is planning/executive control/emotions about goals |
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front portion of cingulate cortex |
pain related emotions, emotional conflict |
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mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
role is the experince of pleasant emotions |
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facial feedback hypothesis |
face muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize ones emotions |
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emotional efference |
changes in face muscles and expression change the temperature of blood going to brain reulting in distinct emotions |
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James Lang theory |
the conscious experience of emotions from ones perspective of AUTONOMIC AROUSAL EX: pulse rises so you become scared |
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Cannon Bard theory |
emotions occur when the thalmus sends signals stimutaneously to cortex |
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Schachters 2 Factor Theory |
experience of emotions depends on: 1) autonomic arousal 2) cognitive interpretation of that arousal |
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worldview |
set of beliefs that explains what exists and what doesn't |
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epistemology |
what we can know |
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naturalism |
idea that nature is all there is, we need to have natural causes and explainations |
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morality salience |
the degree to which subjects mortality is prominant in there minds, more likely to stand up for their beliefs if someone is against |
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MMPI |
most widely used self report inventory which is designed to aid clinitians in the diagnosis of psychological disorders 115 languages |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
first lab of psych, believed psychs main focus was conscious awareness of experience |
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Stanley Hall |
Americas first psych lab, first president of APA |
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introspection |
the careful, systematic self observation of one owns conscious experience |
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Behaviourism (John Watson) |
based on the premise that scientific psych should study only observable behaviour |
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Skinner |
believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes |
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humanism |
emphasizes the unique qualities humans have and their potential for growth and freedom |
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Carl Rogers + Abraham Maslow |
argued human behaviour is governed by ones sense of self/ "self concept" |
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applied psych |
concerned with everyday practical problems |
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clinical psych |
concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders |
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Jean Piaget |
increated attention on the study of childrens cognitive development |
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Donald Hebb |
introduced cell assembly, which facilitate behaviour |
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evolutionary psych |
examines behaviour based on their adaptive value for species over generations |
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positive psych |
uses theory and research to understand the positive, adaptive aspects of human behaviour |
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4 Specialties in Psych |
1) clinical 2) counselling psych 3) educational/school 4) industrial/organizational |
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4 ethical guidelines for research |
1) respect for the dignity of others 2) responsible caring 3) integrity in relationships 4) responsibility to society |