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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gram stain process
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stain sticks in thicker cell wall of gram positives, fixed with iodine, the rinse only washes out of gram negatives.
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Gram Positive aerobes
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Cocci:
- staphylococcus - streptococcus - enterococcus Bacilli - Bacillus antracis - Corynebacterium diptheriae - Listeria monocytogenes |
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Staphylococcus are
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gram positive aerobes
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Streptococcus are
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gram positive aerobes
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Enterococcus are
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gram positive aerobes
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Staphylocci arrangement
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cocci in clusters
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Staphylococcus categories
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Coagulase positive = S aureus
Coagulase negative (CNS) - won't be differentiated, but will be either: - S. epidermis - S saprophyticus |
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Coagulase positive
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is S. aureus
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Coagulase negative
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is not differentiated in most labs and listed "CNS"
but will be either S. epidermis or S saprophyticus |
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Staphylococcus properties/infections
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Part of normal skin flora
Infections: - skin & soft tissue - HAP after 48 hours in the hospital - bacteremia - endocarditis |
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UTI with CNS is almost always
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S saprophyticus
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Streptococcus morphology
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cocci in pairs or chains
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Necessary to treat staph
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2 of 3 positive cultures, because contamination is likely due to normal existence on skin
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Streptococcus classification
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2 systems and a hybrid:
Lancefield - antigenics Brown - hemolysis Clinical - a combination |
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Lancefield
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"Lancefield - Letters"
a classification system for Streptococcus based on antigenic characteristics of the outer membrane (Group A-H, K-U) |
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Brown
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"Brown - Blood"
Classification system of Streptococcus by the type of hemolysis. - Alpha, Beta, Gamma |
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Alpha bugs
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Brown classifications of gram+ aerobes:
- Streptococcus viridans - S. mutans - S. pneumoniae |
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Beta bugs characteristics
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Brown classification of gram+ aerobes
- clear zone (remember the plate?) - Groups A, B, C, and Enterococcus |
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Group A Streptococcus
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S pyogenes (this is beta hemolysis)
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Group B Streptococcus bugs
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S Agalactiae
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Gamma bugs
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Brown classification that are non-hemolytic.
Include some Group D streptococcus |
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Streptococcus pyogenes infections
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(Group A, beta hemolytic): pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fascitis
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Streptococcus agalactiae infections
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(Group B, beta hemolytic): sepsis, meningitis
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Viridans group: inhabits where? infections?
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They normally inhabit GI, oral cavity, and female genital tract
- Endocarditis |
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Infections due to Streptococcus pneumonia
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(Pneumonococcus)
- bacteremia - meningitis - CAP |
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Enterococcus history
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Formerly classified as Group D streptococci
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Enterococcus species and resistance
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- E. faecalis (85-90%), less resistant
- E. faecium (10 - 15%), more resistant |
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Common Enterococcus infections
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UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, wound infection
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Gram positive anaerobes
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Cocci:
- peptococcus - peptostreptococcus Bacilli: - Clostridal group |
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Clostridial group
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C. perfringens
C. tetani C. difficile (colitis) C. botulinum (botulism) |
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Gram negative aerobes
(bacilli) |
Enteric Bacilli (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE):
Escherichia coli Serratia marcescens Klebsiella Enterobacter Proteus Salmonella Shigella Citrobacter |
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Escherichia coli (3 points)
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normal intestinal flora
most common cause of UTI and food poisoning Facultative anaerobe |
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Facultative anaerobe
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can reside in the presence of oxygen or absence.
Typically take aerobe and anaerobe culture, E. coli grows in both |
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Opportunistic pathogens
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These include Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter.
Will take advantage of antibiotics or comorbidity |
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Klebsiella to remember
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K. pheumoniae (most common)
K. oxytoca (more resistant) |
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Most common Enterobacter and the infections they cause
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E. aerogenes
E cloacae See these in HAP, some CAP, bacteremia and intra-abdominal |
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Enterococcus is not
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Enterobacter
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Proteus
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unique because it swarms
P vulgaris (indole +) P. mirabilis (indole -) Common cause of UTI |
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NON-Enteric Bacilli
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(Some of the gram- aerobes)
Pseudomona aeruginosa acinetobacter spp. Helicobacter pylori (PUD) Burkholderia cepacia Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infections from, where found, looks like |
major nosocomial agent
assoc w/extensive burns, CF, cytotoxic therapy motile, rods Green pigment multiplies readily in water (humidifiers, sink traps) |
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Acinetobacter
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A baumannii well known, but uncommon cause of healthcare related inf
gram- aerobe Substantial resistance Bloodstream, pneumonia, and wound infections Iraq war veterans |
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Gram- aerobe
Cocci |
Moraxella catarrhalis (AKA Branhamella) (respiratory)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis |
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Gram- aerobes coccobacillus
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Bordatella pertussis (on the rise!)
haemophilus influenza |
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Moraxella catarrhalis
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causes upper, lower respiratory infections.
Is gram- aerobe, cocci Named coverage: Macrolides, ketolides |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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gram - aerobe cocci
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neisseria meningitidis
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gram - aerobe cocci
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Bordetella pertussis
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gram - aerobe coccobacillus
whooping cough |
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gram- anaerobe baccili
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know Bacteroides fragilis
- part of intra-abdominal flora - will cause intra-abdominal infection There is also the Bacteriodes group - B. distasonis - B ovatus - B. thetaiotaomicron |
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Atypicals
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lack cell wall and cannot be stained
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae - chlamydia pneumoniae - Legionell pneumophilia |
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Normal bacteria flora - SKIN
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Staphylococci
Streptococci |