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245 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Element |
A substance that can't be separated into simpler substances |
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Pure Substance |
Either a single element or single compound that has definite physical or chemical properties |
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Compound |
A substance made of 2 or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
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Mixture |
A combo of 2 or more substances that aren't chemically combined |
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Physical separation |
The ways to separate a mixture by filtration, sifting and evaporating |
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Matter |
Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Mass |
A measure of matter in an object |
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Atom |
The building blocks of all matter Smallest particle of matter |
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Proton |
A positively charge particle, found in nucleus |
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Neutron |
A particle with no charge found in the nucleus |
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Electron |
A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus |
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Homogenous |
a mixture that is mixed evenly throughout and cannot be visibly distinguished |
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Heterogeneous |
a mixture that is not uniform throughout |
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Atomic Number |
The number assigned to each kind of atom; it represents the umber or protons in an atom |
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Atomic Mass |
The average mass of the atoms in an element; the # protons and neutrons in an element |
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Shells/ Orbitals/ Energy Levels |
The region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are found |
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Periodic Table |
A table that shows all of the atoms that everything in the known universe is mad from; each box contains info about each element |
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Group |
The vertical column on the periodic table; elements in the same group share the same properties |
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Period |
The horizontal rows on the periodic table |
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Mendeleev |
A Russian chemist who discovered a pattern to the elements in 1869 |
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Metal |
An element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well |
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Non metal |
An element that conducts heat and electricity poorly |
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Metalloid |
An element that has properties of metal and non metals; they can me called conductors |
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Alkali Metals |
Very reactive and soft metals |
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Transition Metals |
Not very reactive and good conductors |
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Halogens |
Very reactive Non-Metals Group 17 |
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Noble Gases |
Non-Reactive colorless, odorless,gas |
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Chemical Bonds |
Aninleraction that holds atoms together |
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Precipitate |
A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction |
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Chemical Reaction |
New Substance is formed |
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Reactant |
A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
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Yield Arrow |
In a chemical reaction, the arrow that separates the products from the the reactions |
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Subscript |
The number written below and to the right of the symbol in a formula |
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Coefficient |
The number in front of a chemical formula that indicates the number of molecules present |
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Endothermic Reaction |
A chemical reaction that enquirers heat "gets cold" |
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Exothermic Reaction |
A chemical reaction releases heat "gets hot" |
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Gas formation |
A sign of or chemical reaction in which gas is provided |
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Water Table |
the upper surface of underground water, the upper boundary |
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Hydrology |
the study of water |
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Water Distribution |
the places that water is found on earth |
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Hydrosphere |
the space where water is found on earth, we are the water plants |
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Aquifer |
a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater |
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Ground Water |
water that seeps below the ground and is stored underground |
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Spring |
a place where groundwater flows above ground, when the water table reaches the earth's surface |
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Runoff |
the flow of water over the surface of land |
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Watershed |
the area of land that is drained by a water system |
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Plankton |
a mass of mostly organisms that float or drift freely in Marine environments |
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Continental Shelf |
begins at the shore line gently sloping towards the open ocean 200m |
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Continental Slope |
begins at the edge of the cont. shelf rapidly sloping towards ocean floor 200-4000m |
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Mid Ocean Ridge |
mountain chains that forms on the ocean floor where tectonics plates pull apart |
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Rift Valley |
as mountains build up, a rift valley forms between them |
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Point Source Pollution |
pollution that comes from a specific source |
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Non-Point Source Pollution |
pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a specif site |
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Renewable Energy |
resources such as wind and water, that can be recycled or replaced faster than they consume |
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Nonrenewable Energy |
resources such as fossil fuels or nuclear fuel that cannot be replaced by nutrients process at the same rate consumed |
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Energy System |
a sequence of conversions with inputs and outputs that transform an energy resource into a form of human work or heating |
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Laws of Conservation of Energy |
the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from 1 form to another |
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Renewable |
resources such as wind,water, that can be recycled or replaced faster than they are consumed |
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Nuclear Power |
the process by which a nuclear reactor uses fuel such as uranium to create energy |
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Hydropower |
transformation of the energy stored in a depth of water into electricity |
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Solar Power |
energy from the sun; often captured directly as heat or as electricity through a photovoltaic process |
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Biotic
|
describes the living factors in an environment |
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Abiotic
|
describes the nonliving factors in an environment |
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Ecosystem |
a community of organisms and their abiotic environment |
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Organism
|
a single living thing |
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Population |
a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area |
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Community |
all the populations of species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other |
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Ecosystem |
a community of organisms and their abiotic environment |
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Biosphere |
the part of earth where life exists |
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Symbiosis |
a relationship in which 2 different organisms live in close association with each other |
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Mutualism
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a relationship between 2 species in which both species benefit
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Commensalism
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A relationship between 2 organisms in which 1 organism benifits and the other is unaffected
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Parasitism |
A relationship between 2 species in which 1, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed |
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Carrying Capacity |
The largest population that an ecosystem can support at any given time |
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Limiting factors |
Resources that limit how big a population can get |
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Adaption |
Organisms have to adapt in order to survive |
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Habitat |
Where an organism lives |
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Niche |
The role or function of a species within an ecosystem |
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Autotroph |
An organism capable of making nutrients for itself from an inorganic source |
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Heterotroph |
An organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth consumer |
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Carbon Cycle |
the exchange of carbon between the environment and living things |
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Nitrogen Cycle |
the exchange of nitrogen between the environment and living things |
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Digestion |
the process by which food is broken down and used for energy |
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Protein |
a very important molecule for organisms that help build, grow, repair cells, organelles, and tissues |
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Carbohydrate |
a major energy source for animals that include sugar and starches |
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Fats |
nutrients that are a type of lipid. they are stored and used for energy. 2 types ; saturated and unsaturated |
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Saturated Fats |
a fat that is a solid at room temp.; butter,cheese,dairy,red beef,lamb,pork,chicken with skin. absolutely raise LDL "bad" cholesterol |
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Unsaturated Fats |
a fat that is a liquid at room temperature olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, etc. may to raise LDL` |
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Photosynthesis |
the process my which plants,algae, and some bacteria use sunlight,carbon dioxide, and water for food |
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Glucose |
food made by plants through photosynthesis and the food broken down in cellular respiration |
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Cellular Resperation |
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. exercise increases |
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Nutrients |
components of food that help an organism survive and grow |
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Food |
anything that provides an organism with energy. anything that has calories, carbs,fats,and proteins |
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Calorie |
a unit that measures how much energy food provides the body |
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Sugar |
any one of various substances that are found in plants and that your body uses or stores energy |
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Host |
an organism from which a parasite takes food or shelter |
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DNA |
the nuclei acid responsible for carrying the genetic information of most organisms from 1 generation to the next |
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Catastrophism |
short, catastrophic events have occurred that have changed the surface of earth over time |
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Fault |
break in a body of rock along which 1 block slide relative to another |
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Rock Cycle |
a continuous process by which rocks are created, changed , destroyed, and formed |
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Igneous Rock |
rocks that were made by heating them inside the earth (lava, Magma) |
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Metamorphic Rock |
rock created by heat and or pressure changed rock |
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Sedimentary Rock |
rock that was originally mud or shells that form layers that compress over time "sitting Rock" |
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Genetic Variation |
differences among individuals int the composition of their genes or other DNA segments |
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Homologous Structures |
structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
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Offspring |
a new organism that is the product of reproduction |
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Inherited |
to receive ( a characteristic) from one's parents by genetic transmission |
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Genetic Mutation |
change in a gene or chromosome |
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Adaption |
trait that helps an organism survive to reproduce |
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Genotype |
an organisms genetic makeup, or allele combination |
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Phenotype |
organisms physical makeup |
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new Moon % of the lit side visible on Earth |
0% |
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Full Moon % of the lit side visible on Earth |
100% |
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2 Plant Cell Differences |
Cell Wall Chloroplast |
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Acceleration |
Change in speed or direction |
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Atomic # Protons Electrons |
All the same number |
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Atomic mass calculation to find neutrons |
Mass # - Atomic # Neutrons |
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Balanced Forces |
Sum of all the forces is 0 NO Movement or Constant Speed |
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Cell Organelles |
Organs of the cell |
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Cell Theory |
1. All life is composed of cells 2. Cells are the basics unit of life 3. Cells arise from other cells
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Organic Compounds |
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur |
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Convection |
Transfer of energy through a fluid Hot Rises Cold Sinks Causes Weather |
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Conduction |
Transfer of energy through touch |
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Radiation |
Transfer of energy through waves |
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Source of all Earth's energy |
Sun |
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Carnivores eat |
Meat Only |
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Herbivores eat |
Plants Only |
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Omnivores |
Eat both plants and animals |
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Indicators of a Chemical Reaction |
Solid is Formed Gas is produced Color Change Temperature Change |
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Density |
Mass divided by Volume |
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Evidence of Plate Tectonic Tectonic Theory |
1. Continents fit like puzzle pieces 2. Fossils on opposite sides of oceans 3. Major landforms on multiple continents |
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__________ Boundaries make faults and earthquakes |
Transform |
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Force |
Mass X Acceleration |
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Chemical energy |
energy stored in chemical bonds of compounds |
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Electrical Energy |
energy that is used to power electronic devices |
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Newton's First Law |
An object in motion stays in motion while and object at rest stays at rest until an unbalanced force is acted upon it. |
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Newton's Second Law |
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the forces applied to it. |
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Newton's Third Law |
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Force |
A push or a pull on an object |
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Gravity |
Force of attraction between objects |
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Inertia |
An object's resistance to change |
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Work |
Is done when a force that is applied to an object moves. Force X Distance |
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Kinetic Energy |
Energy in motion |
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Mechanical Energy |
Energy of moving objects. Work is done |
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Net Force |
Sum of all the forces acting on an object |
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Newton |
Unit of measurement used for measuring force |
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Potential Energy |
Energy that is stored. |
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Radiant Energy |
Energy that travels in waves or rays from the sun |
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Speed |
Distance traveled in a certain amount of time |
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Thermal Energy |
Energy that produces heat |
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Unbalanced Force |
Forces applied do not equal 0 Movement occurs Acceleration |
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Velocity |
Speed with direction |
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Galaxy |
combination of all the components of the universe |
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Group 18 |
Noble gases Not Reactive 8 Valence Electrons |
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Hurricanes are caused by |
Low Pressure Warm Water (from the tropics) |
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Lunar Cycle (Moon Phases) takes |
27.5 days for a full cycle |
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Mitochondria |
Produces energy for the cell |
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_____________ Boundaries create Mountains and Trenches |
Convergent |
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Neap Tide |
Moon, Sun and Earth line up at a 90 degree angle. High Tides Low Low Tides High |
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Nebula |
clouds of gas and dust held together by gravity birthplace of a star |
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Nucleus of a cell contains |
genetic material (DNA) |
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Predator |
hunts prey |
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Prey gets |
eaten by predators |
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Group # = |
Number of valence electrons |
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Period # = |
Number of energy levels |
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Respiratory System |
Exchange of gases |
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______________ Boundaries create ridges and rift valleys |
Divergent |
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Seasons are caused by |
23.5 degree tilt Earth's revolution around the Sun 365 days |
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Sustainability |
healthy ecosystem b/c large # of plants and animals (biodiversity) |
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Sexual Reproduction |
2 parents diverse offspring |
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Spring Tide |
Sun, Moon, and Earth form a straight line high tides higher low tides lower |
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Succession |
The breakdown of rock to allow plants to grow |
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Primary Succession |
No soil |
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Secondary Succession |
Soil is present |
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Tides |
Daily rise and fall of the oceans caused by the pull of the moon's gravity |
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The % of energy passed UP the pyramid |
10 |
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Vacuole |
water storage |
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Waxing crescent |
between new moon and 1st quarter Right side is Bright and skinny |
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Waxing |
White on the Right is Waxing Bright The light on the right side is growing larger |
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Low Pressure |
Rainy and Cloudy |
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High Pressure |
Clear and Sunny |
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Valence Electron |
Determines the reactivity of an atom # of electrons in the outermost energy level Group # |
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Conductivity |
able to conduct heat or electricity |
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Eukaryotic |
has a nucleus |
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Prokaryotic |
No Nucleus |
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Family/Group |
They have similar properties and reactivity |
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First Quarter |
Between Waxing Crescent and Waxing Gibbous Right side 50% Bright |
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Full Moon |
Between Waxing Gibbous and Waning Gibbous 100% Bright |
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Last (3rd) Quarter |
Between Waning Gibbous and Waning Crescent Left side 50% Bright |
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Luster |
Ability to reflect light |
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malleability |
ability to be hammered into sheets |
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New Moon |
Between Waning crescent and Waxing Crescent 0% Bright |
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Counting the number of Elements |
Count the capital letters |
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Waning Crescent |
Right before New Moon Left side is bright and skinny |
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Waning Gibbous |
Between Full Moon and Last Quarter Left side is bright and Big |
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Waxing Gibbous |
Between First Quarter and Full Moon Right side is bright and Big |
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Action |
The force exerted by the first object on a second object |
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Alfred Wegener |
A German scientist who proposed the idea of continental drift |
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Apparent Magnitude |
Measure of how bight an object appears from Earth |
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Asexual Reproduction |
1 parent uniform offspring |
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Asthenosphere |
The soft layer of mantle on which the lithosphere float |
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At ____________, the side of the moon facing earth also faces directly away from the Sun. |
New Moon |
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At ____________, the moon's Earth-facing side is completely lit. |
Full Moon |
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Contour interval |
The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next |
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Contour Line |
A line on a topography map that connects points of equal elevation |
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Convergent Plate Boundary |
A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other |
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Decomposer |
organisms that break down the remains of dead plants and animals into smaller pieces, they digest with chemicals |
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Divergent Plate Boundary |
Where two plates are moving apart, magma comes up to create new crust |
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Ductile |
Property of matter that is capable of being drawn into wire |
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Energy |
Ability to do work |
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Erosion |
The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another |
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New Moon |
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Waxing Crescent |
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First Quarter |
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Waxing Gibbous |
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Full Moon |
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Waning Gibbous |
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Last (3rd) Quarter |
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Waning Crescent |
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Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram |
a graph that plots luminosity vs. temperature of stars |
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Light Year |
The distance light travels in one year |
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Luminosity |
Brightness of an object |
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Types of Stars |
Main Sequence Giants Supergiants White Dwarfs |
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Molecules |
two or more atoms bonded together |
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Pangaea |
All continents combined together |
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Organic Compounds |
Must contain Carbon and Hydrogen Carbon must be the first element of the compound |
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Precipitate |
A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction |
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Reactants |
Left side of a chemical equation |
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Revolution |
One object traveling around another object |
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Rotation |
An object spinning on an axis |
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Subduction |
The process that occurs at convergent boundaries where one plate is forces under another plate |
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Cell Membrane |
semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell |
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Vacuole |
storage within the cell |
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Cell Wall |
A rigid layer of support lying outside the cell membrane of plants |
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Chloroplast |
Contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place in a plant cell |
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Cytoplasm |
Gel-like substance that helps keeps organelles in place |
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Circulatory |
Transportation of blood, oxygen and nutrients throughout the body |
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Digestive |
Breakdown of food into usable nutrients for the body |
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Endocrine |
Production of hormones in the body |
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Execreatory |
Removal of waste |
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Integumentary |
Provides a protective barrier between the body and the outside world |
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Muscular |
Provides strength and movement for the body |
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Nervous |
Controls all the functions of the body |
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Reproductive |
Production of offspring |
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Skeletal |
Provides structure and support for the body. |