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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Prevention
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focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services and general prevention education, and modifying conditions in the physical environment
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secondary prevention
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focuses on intervening w/ children and young people who are potentially at risk for becoming offenders, as well as the provision of neighborhood programs to deter known delinquent activity
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tertiary prevention
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focuses on intervening w/ adjudicated juvenile offenders through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment. goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism.
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The Child Savers
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focus was on extending government control over youthful activities (drinking, vagrancy, and delinquency) that had previously been left to private or family control
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House of Refuge
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a care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment
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The Quakers
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created house of refuge--formed the society for the Prevention of Pauperism, which was devoted to the concept of protecting indigent youths who were at risk to crime by taking them off the streets and reforming them in a family like environment.
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Orphan Trains
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the name for trains in which urban youths were sent west by the Children's Aid Society for adoptions w/ local farm couples
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Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
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Designed to protect abused and neglected children by placing them w/ other families and advocating for criminal penalties for negligent parents
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First Juvenile Court
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Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
A separate court was established for delinquent and neglected children Special procedures were developed to govern the adjudication of juvenile matters Children were to be separated from adults in courts and in institutional programs Probation programs were to be developed to assist the court in making decisions in the best interests of the state and the child |
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Kent v. United States
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Determined that a child has due process rights, such as having an attorney present at waiver hearings
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Thompson v. Oklahoma
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Ruled that imposing capital punishment on a juvenile murderer who was 15 years old at the time of the eight amendment's constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
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Percent of arrests transferred to juvenile court
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more than 70%
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Commonwealth of Viginia v. Malvo
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○ 2002 sniper shootings in Virginia/Maryland
○ Killings in parking lots, gas station, highway, etc ○ Police caught Lee Boyd Malvo and Allen Muhammad sleeping in gas station (Maryland) ○ Malvo 17 yrs old (Maryland no death penalty if under 18) ○ Extradited to virginia (death penalty if crime at 16 AND convicted in adult court) • Court decisions ○ Malvo given 6 life sentences without parole (agreed testify) ○ Allen Muhammad sentenced to death (sent to Virginia for other murders) ○ Death penalty under 18 violates 8th amend (cruel and unusual punishment) |
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In re Holmes
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Minor arrested while driving stolen car.
○ No counsel ○ Not informed of charges ○ Not advised of rights ○ Sent to training school • US Supreme Court ○ Did not hear case ○ Juvenile cases Civil not Criminal matters ○ Juveniles not entitled to constitutional protection ○ No Due Process until 1966-67 |
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Percent of African American teens rating police as “honest”
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15%
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Probable Cause
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reasonable grounds to believe that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense
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Reasonable Suspicion
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police do not need probable cause only reasonable suspicion
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Misdemeanor
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police officer must personally witness the crime in order to place a suspect in custody. petty crime
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Felony
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police officer may make the arrest w/out having observed the crime if the officer has probable cause to believe the crime occurred and the person being arrested committed it. serious offence
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Percent of violent crime arrests for juveniles
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16%
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In Loco Parentis
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state's role as parents
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Miranda v. Arizona
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Supreme court placed constitutional limitations on police interrogation procedures w/ adult offenders:
suspects must be told: they have a right to remain silent statements can be used against them have the right to counsel if cannot afford counsel, it will be furnished at public expense |
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Fourth Amendment
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right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure
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Fifth Amendment
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no self-incrimination
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Sixth Amendment
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right to counsel and public trial
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Eight Amendment
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no cruel or unusual punishment
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Fourteen Amendment
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No state shall deprive of life, liberty, or property w/out due process.
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Chivalry Hypothesis
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police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them
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Percent of juvenile court population that is African American
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31 %
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Schall v. Martin
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upheld a statute allowing for the placement of children in preventative detention before their adjudication. The court concluded that it was not reasonable to detain juveniles for their own protection.
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Breed v. Jones
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ruled that a child has the protection of double-jeopardy clause of the 5th amendment and cannot be tried twice for the same crime
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Percent of African American youth waived to adult court
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42%
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In re Winship 1970
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the amount of proof required in juvenile delinquency adjudications is "beyond a reasonable doubt" a level equal to the requirements in the adult system
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McKiever v. Pennsylvania 1971
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held that trial by jury in a juvenile court's adjudicative stage is not a constitutional requirement. does not prevent states from giving the juvenile a trial by jury, but in the majority of states, a child has no such right.
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In re Gault
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ruled that a minor has basic due process rights including:
a. notice of the charges w/ respect tot heir timeliness and specificity. b. right to counsel. c. right to confrontation and cross-examination d. privilege against self-incrimination e. right to transcript of trial record f. right to appellate review |
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Roper v. Simmons
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§ 17 yr old planned crime w/ two friends
§ At 2AM broke into house, duct taped woman, drove to state park § Threw her off bridge, drowned § Bitch killing "because the b**ch seen my face." § Arrested and agreed to reenact murder on video ○ Defense: No priors, loving son and brother, AGE § Sentenced to death in Missouri in 1993 Juvenile death penalty is in violation w/ 8th amendment |
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Atkins v. Virginia
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§ Atkins and accomplice stole $60 from airman
§ Drove to isolated location and shot airman 8 times § School records showed IQ of 59 (retarded) § Sentenced to death by Virginia court ○ US Supreme Court § Execution of "mentally retarded" violates 8th Amendment § Reversed court decision § If executing mentally ill unconstitutional, what about juveniles? |
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Restorative Justice
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nonpunititve strategy for delinquency control that attempts to address the issues that produced conflict between 2 parties (offender and victim) and, hence, reconcile the parties. Restoration rather than retribution or punishment.
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Nelson v. Heyne
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The First Federal Appellate Court affirmed that juveniles have a right to treatment and condemned the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions.
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Pena v. NY State Division for youth
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held that the use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs at Goshen Annex Center violated the 14th Amendment right to due process and Eighth Amendment right to protection against cruel and unusual punishment.
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Death Squads
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Common to South America, organized government or criminal groups that selectively kill members of opposing groups and incite fear in these groups and among their supporters.
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The Hooligan Boys
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known for violence they inflict at dance parties organized by other young people (Africa). "buy a fight"
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Reasons for Violence in Africa
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poverty, ethnic tensions and growing gable between haves and have nots
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Percent of crimes in Japan by youth under 20
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45%
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Beijing Rules
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Standard minimum rules for the administration of juvenile justice (developed in a meeting in bejing)
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Sri Lanka
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6 yrs old to be held responsible for his or her criminal action
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