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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Group |
Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and ourselves one another as "us". |
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Co-actors |
A group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetive task. |
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Social Facilitation |
(1) Original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well- learned tasks better when others are present. (2) Current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others. |
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Evaluation Apprehension |
Concern for how others are evaluating us. |
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Social Loafing |
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. |
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Deindividuation |
Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual. |
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Group Polarization |
Group-produced enhancement of members' pre-existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group. |
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Pluralistic Ignorance |
A false impression of how other people are thinking, feeling, or responding. |
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Groupthink |
The tendency for groups, in the process of decision making, to suppress dissenting cognitions in the interest of ensuring harmony within the group. |
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Leadership |
The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group. |
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Prosocial Behaviour |
Any act performed with the intent of helping another person. 4 categories: 1. Casual Helping 2. Substantial Personal Helping 3. Emotional Helping 4. Emergency Helping |
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Altruism |
Prosocial behavior. Helping others. |
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Cyberbullying |
Bullying, harassing, or threatening someone using electronic communication, such as texts, online social networks, or email. |
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Aggression |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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Physical aggression |
Hurting someone else's body |
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Social Aggression |
Hurting someone else's feelings or threatening their relationships. Sometimes called relational aggression, it includes cyberbullting and some forms of in-person bullying. |
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Hostile Aggression |
Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself. |
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Instrumental Aggression |
Aggression that is a means to some other end |
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Instinctive Behaviour |
An innate, unlearned behaviour pattern exhibited by all members of a species. |
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Frustration-Aggression Theory |
The theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress. |
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Frustration |
The blocking of goal- directed behaviour. |
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Displacement |
The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target. |
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Relative Deprivation |
The perception that one is less well off than others to whomever one compares oneself. |
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Social Learning Theory |
The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. |
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Prosocial behaviour |
Positive, constructive, helpful social behaviour; the opposite of antisocial behaviour. |
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Social scripts |
Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations. |
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Need to Belong |
A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. |
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Proximity |
Geographical nearness. Proximity (more precisely, "functional distance") powerfully predicts liking. |
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Mere-exposure Effect |
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them. |
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Matching Phenomenon |
The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits. |
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Physical-attractiveness Stereotype |
The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good. |
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Complementarity |
The popularly supposed tendency, in a relation between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other. |
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Ingratiation |
The use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favour. |
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Reward Theory of Attraction |
The theory that we like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events. |
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Passionate Love |
A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in one another; they feel ecstatic at attaining their partners love, and they are disconsolate on losing it. |
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion |
Arousal x it's label = emotion |
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Companionable Love |
The affection we feel for those with whom our loves are deeply intertwined. |
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Secure Attachment |
Attachment rooted in trust and marked by intimacy. |
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Avoidance Attachment |
Attachments are narket by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others. An insecure attachment style. |
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Anxious Attachment |
Attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence. An insecure Attachment style. |
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Equity |
A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. Equitable outcomes needn't always be equal outcomes. |
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Self- disclosure |
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
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Disclosure Reciprocity |
The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner. |
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Prejudice |
A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members. |
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Stereotype |
Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes can be overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. |
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Discrimination |
Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members. |
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Racism |
(1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race. |
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Social Dominance Orientation |
A motivation to have your own group be dominant over other social groups. |
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Ethnocentric |
Believing in the superiority of your own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding distain for all other groups. |
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Authoritarian Personality |
A personality that is disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those. |
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources |
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Social Identity |
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I? That comes from our group memberships. |
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In-Groups |
"Us": groups of people who share a sense if belonging, a feeling of common identity. |
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Out-Groups |
"Them": groups that people perceive as distinctively different from or Part from their in-group. |
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In-Group Bias |
The tendency to favour your own group. |
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Terror Management |
According to "terror Management theory," people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality. |
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Out-Group Homogeneity Effect |
Perception of Out-Group members as more similar to one another than are In-Group members. Thus, "They are alike; we are diverse." |
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Own-Race Bias |
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race |
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Group-Serving Bias |
Explaining away out-group members' positive behaviours; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by one's own group.) |
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Just-World Phenomenon |
People's tendency to believe that the world is just and that, therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
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Subtyping |
Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking if them as a special category of people with different properties. |
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Subgrouping |
Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group. |
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Stereotype Threat |
A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evacuated based on a negative stereotype. |
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Conflict |
A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals |
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Peace |
A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships |
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Social Trap |
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their own self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
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Tragedy of the Commons |
The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse - the tragedy- of the commons. |
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Non-Zero-Sum Games |
Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose. (Also called mixed-motive situations.) |
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Equality |
The equal distribution of rewards to all individuals |
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Need-Based Distribution |
The distribution of rewards based in need for those rewards. |
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Equal-Status Contact |
Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should ideally be between persons equal in status. |
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Superordinate Goals |
Shared goals that necessitate cooperative effort: goals that override people's differences from one another. |
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Bargaining |
Seeking an agreement through direct negotiation between parties. |
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Mediation |
An attempt by a neutral their party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions. |
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Arbitration |
Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement. |
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Integrative Agreements |
Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit. |
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GRIT |
An acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction" - a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions. |