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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Nature of Language |
Symbolic |
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Language is symbolic |
Words are arbitrary symbols that have no meaning |
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Phonological Rules |
Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language. |
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Syntactic Rules
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Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols. |
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Semantic Rules |
Governs meaning of language, as opposed to its structure. |
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Pragmatic Rules
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Rules that govern interpretation of language in terms of its social context.
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Ogden and Richards' Triangle of Meaning |
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Linguistic Relativism
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The notion that the language individuals use exerts a strong influence on their perceptions. |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
The best-known declaration of LINGUISTIC RELATIVISM, formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir. |
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The Impact of Language
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Naming and Identity |
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Convergence
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The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify. |
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Divergence
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Speaking in a way that emphasizes difference from others |
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Powerless speech mannerisms |
Forms of speech that communicate to others a lack of power in the speaker: hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, and so on.
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Racist language
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Language that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior. |
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Sexists language |
Words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex.
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Uses (and Abuses) of Language
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Precision and Vagueness |
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Ambiguous Language
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Consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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Abstractions |
Convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events |
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Abstraction Ladder |
A range of more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object. |
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Euphemism |
A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information. |
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Relative Language |
gains meaning by comparison
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Static Evaluation
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Treating people or objects as if they were unchanging.
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The Language of Responsibility
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It Statements |
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"It" statement |
A statement in which "it" replaces the personal pronoun "I," making the statement less direct and more evasive. |
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"I" language
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A statement that describes the speaker's reaction to another person's behavior without making judgments about its worth. |
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"But" statement |
A statement in which the second half cancels the meaning of the first, for example, "I'd like to help you, but I have to go or I'll miss my bus."
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"You" language
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A statement that expresses or implies a judgment of the other person.
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Assertiveness |
Clearly and directly expressing one's thoughts, feelings, and wants to another person. |
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"We" language
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The use of first-person-plural pronouns to include others, either appropriately or inappropriately. Language implying that the issue being discussed is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of a message. |
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Factual Statements
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Claims that can be verified as true or false
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Opinion Statements
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Based on the speakers beliefs |
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Inferential Statement
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A statement based on an interpretation of evidence
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Evaluative Language
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Language that conveys the sender's attitude rather than simply offering an objective description. |
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Gender and Language |
Extent of Gender Differences |
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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication |
All behavior has communicative value Nnvrbl Comm. is primarily relational Nnvrbl comm. is ambiguous Nnvrbl comm. is influenced by culture and gender |
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Nonverbal Communication |
messages expressed by nonlinguistic means |
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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication |
Often unconscious Usually relational Inherently ambiguous Primarily shaped by biology Continuous Multichanneled |
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Emblems |
Deliberate nonverbal behaviors with precise meanings, known to virtually all members of a cultural group. Or, nonverbal behaviors that are culturally understood substitutes for verbal expressions. |
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication |
Creating and maintaining relationships Regulating interaction Influencing others Concealing/Deceiving Managing Identity |
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Regulators |
cues that help control verbal interaction |
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Examples of interaction regulators |
Vocal intonations, drawls on the last syllable, drop in pitch or loudness when speaking a common expression like "you know." Eye contact - speaker usually makes less until he is ready for a response which is signaled by a "gaze window" |
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Examples of behaviors that influence others |
Direct eye contact, wear spiffy clothes, use open body postures, touch the listener, be friendly and upbeat. |
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What are the 3 findings in "Deception Detection 101" by Burgoon and Levine? |
We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time. We overestimate our abilities to detect others' lies. We have a strong tendency to judge others' messages as truthful. |
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Categories of managing identity nonverbally per Metts and Grohskopf |
Manner-how we act Appearance-how we dress, look, smell Setting-physical items we're surrounded by |
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Types of Nonverbal Communication |
Body movement Touch, Voice, Distance Territoriality Time Physical attractiveness Clothing Physical Environment |
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Examples of body movement |
Face and eyes, posture, gestures |
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KINESICS |
the study of body movements |
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Manipulators |
Movements in which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, fidgets with, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates another part. |
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Haptics |
the study of touch in human communication |
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Paralanguage |
Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression, for example, rate, pitch, and tone. Or, a term to describe the way a message is spoken. |
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Disfluencies |
Nonlinguistic verbalizations, for example, um, er, ah. |
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Types of pauses in paralinguistic communication |
unintentional and vocalized (disfluencies) |
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Types of Distance |
Intimate, Personal, Social, Public |
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Proxemics |
The study of how people use space. |
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Personal Space |
The distance we put between ourselves and others. |
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Intimate Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones, ranging from skin contact to 18 inches |
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Personal Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones, ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet |
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Social Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones, ranging from 4 to 12 feet. |
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Public Distance |
One of Hall's four distance zones, extending outward from 12 feet. |
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Territory |
a stationary area claimed by a person or animal |
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Chronemics |
The study of how people use and structure time |
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Messages clothing conveys |
Economic/Education level, trustworthiness, social position, level of sophistication, economic/social/educational background, level of success, moral character |