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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
found in SHAFTS of long bones and OUTSIDE of flat bones
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Compact Bone
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Found in ENDS of bones and INSIDE of flat bones
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Spongy Bone
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Dense bone made up of microscopic units called HAVERSIAN systems
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Compact Bone
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Interlacing plates of bone tissue called TUBERCULAE with spaces between spaces are filled with RED BONE MARROW
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Spongy Bone
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Process by which either dense connective tissue or hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue
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Ossification
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Part of the skeleton 's first forms of HYALINE cartilage and replaced by bone tissue then cartilage bone
Ex: Long bones and short bones |
Endochondral bone formation
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part of the skeleton is first formed of DENSE connective tissue and then membrane bones
Ex: bones of the cranium, face and clavicle |
Intramembranous bone formation
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Ossification begins in the MIDDLE of the shaft (diaphysis)
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Primary center ossification
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INTRAmembranous Bone Fromation starts at about the _____________ of development.
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eighth week of development
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Process of ENDOchondral bone formation begins at about the _________________ of embryonic and fetal development.
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third month of development
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List 5 functions of the Skeletal System.
Hint: BCPMS |
Blood Cell Formation
Calcium Storage Protection Movement Support |
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GROWTH in diameter or thickness
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Appositional Growth
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Bones grow in diameter by the combined actions of these 2 kinds of cells.
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Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
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The ________________ ENLARGE the MEDULLARY cavity by eroding away the bone of its walls
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Osteoclasts
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The ______________ in the INNER layer of te PERIOSTEUM build new bone around the outside of the bone.
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Osteoblasts
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a PROJECTION or promenance from the surface of a bone.
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Process
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a ROUNDED projection at the END of a bone where it articulates with another bone.
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Condyle
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a SMALL PROJECTION located on or ABOVE a condyle.
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Epicondyle
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a LARGE BLUNT process.
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Trochanter
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a SMALL ROUND process.
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Tubercle
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a BROAD process larger than a tubercle.
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Tuberosity
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Trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are sites of attachment for ________ and _________.
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tendons and ligaments.
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A DEPRESSION in the surface of a bone – often used as an articular surface.
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Fossa
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a HOLE through a bone which blood vessels and nerves pass.
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Foramen
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a slender POINTED projection.
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Spine
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a MUCOUS membrane lined, air filled cavity inside certain certain cranial bones.
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Sinus
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the LARGE END of the bone – often set off from the shaft by a constriction
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Head
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the EXTERNAL opening of a canal.
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Meatus
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forms the long AXIS of the body – includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
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Axial skeleton
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consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper APPENDAGES and the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower appendages.
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Appendicular skeleton
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where two or more bones come TOGETHER
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Articulation or joint
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Number of Vertebrae and bones forming the vertebral column
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33 Vertebraes
26 Bones |
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5 Types of Vertebrae and number of each
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1. Cervical - 7
2. Thoracic - 12 3. Lumbar - 5 4. Sacrum- 1 (5 fused together)5. Coccyx -1 (4 fused together) |
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Functions of the Verterbral Column
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Supports, Houses, and Protects the Spinal Cord
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what lacks the transverse foramen and the spinous processes are long, pointed, and project downward.
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Thoracic
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all have a transverse foramen which is a hole in the transverse processes for passage of the vertebral artery.
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Cervical
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in addition to the transverse processes it looks like a "round ring" with little or no centrum.
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Atlas
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in addition to the transverse process it has an upward projecting peg called the odontoid process.
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Axis
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lack the transverse foramen and the spinous processes are short and blunt that is they are "axe-shape".
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Lumbar
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pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae and functioning as shock absorbers.
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Intervetebral discs
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2 primary Curvatures:
CONCAVE anteriorly and PRESENT at birth |
Thoracic and Sacral
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2 secondary Curvatures: (C&L)
CONVEX anteriorly and develop AFTER birth |
Cervical and Lumbar
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hyaline cartilage that attaches the ribs to sternum
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Costal Cartilages
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ALL 12 pairs of ribs are attached posteriorly to thoracic verterbrae
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Posterior attachment
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Ribs attached anteriorly
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Anterior attachment
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Rib pairs 1 through 7 - attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages.
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True Ribs
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Ribs 8, 9, & 10 are attached to rib 7 therefore indirectly attached to the sternum.
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Vertebral Chondral
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Ribs 11 & 12 have NO anterior attachment
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Floating ribs
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List 4 ways of distinguishing the female pelvis from the male pelvis
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1. In females, the pelvic is WIDER and SHALLOWER.
2. In females, the sacrum is WIDER but SHORTER. 3. The coccyx is freely movely. 4. Pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees. |
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Joints have 2 fundamental functions:
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1. Hold the skeleton together.
2. Give the skeleton mobility. |
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Describe a joint or articulations.
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They are sites where 2 or bones meet.
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Describe the 2 ways joints are classified.
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1. Structurally
This is based on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present. 2. Functionally This is based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint. |
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On the basis of structure there are 3 joints. Name them.
Hint: FCS |
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
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On the basis of function there are 3 types of joints:
Hint: SAD |
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses Diarthroses |
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which are IMMOVABLE joints.
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Synarthroses
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FREELY moveable joints.
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Diarthroses
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SLIGHTLY moveable joints.
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Amphiarthroses
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Which type of structural joints is described:
The joints are held together by FIBROUS TISSUE such as dense connective tissue and there is no joint cavity. 2. Most are SYNARTHROSES (immoveable) but a FEW are AMPIARTHROSES {slightly moveable}. |
Fibrous Joints
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Which type of structural joints is described:
The bones are held together by CARTILAGE and there is no joint cavity. Some are SYNARTHROSES{immoveable } and SOME are AMPIARTHROSES (slightly moveable}. |
Cartilaginous Joints
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Joints where the articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity -- SEVERAL types of tissues are associated with these joints--
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Synovial joints
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Describe the 3 types of fibrous joints :
HINT: SSG |
Sutures
Syndesmosis Gomphosis |
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occurs only BETWEEN SKULL BONES - the junction between the bones is filled by very short connective tissue fibers-- these joints are immoveable -- during adulthood the fibrous tissue becomes ossified and the skull bones fuse into a single unit-- these joints are then called synostoses.
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Sutures
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the bones are connected by a CORD OR SHEET of fibrous tissue called a ligament or interosseous membrane– the connective fibers holding the bones together are longer-- some of these joints are immoveable and some are slightly moveable--
an example is the distal tibiofibular joint. |
Syndesmosis
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occurs only at the ARTICULATION of a TOOTH with its socket-- the tooth is connected to the socket by a fibrous connection called the PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT-- these joints are immoveable.
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Gomphosis
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Describe the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:
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Synchondrosis
Symphysis |
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a BAR or PLATE of hyaline cartilage holds the bones together-- they are immoveable--
examples: epiphyseal plates are tempory;costal cartilages are permanent. |
Synchondrosis
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a PAD or plate of fibrocartilage holds the bones together { the articular surfaces of the bone are covered with articular cartilage}-- they are slightly moveable since the fibrocartilage is resilient and compressible- examples: intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis.
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Symphysis
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Are fibrous joints Diarthroses?
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NO they are EITHER synarthroses OR ampiarthroses
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Are synovial joints Diarthroses?
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YES
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glossy smooth hyaline CARTILAGE covering the ARTICULAR surfaces of the bones at the joint-- act as shock absorbers keeping bone ends from being crushed.
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Articular Cartilage
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extends from the margin of one ARTICULAR CArtilage to the margin of the other--
it' s a doubled layered structure: outer layer-- made uP of denSe connective tissUe which is continuous with the periostea of the bones. inner LayEr-- made up of loose connective tissue called the synovial membrane– it secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. |
Articular Capsule
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formed by the ARTICULAR capsule -- FILLED with synovial fluid.
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Joint Cavity
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SECRETED by synovial membrane– a LUBRICANT that reduces friction in the joint -- also nourishes the articular cartilage-- also contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of microbes and cellular debris resulting from wear and tear of the joints.
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Synovial Fluid
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most synovial joints are REINFORCED and strengthened by LIGAMENTS
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Reinforcing Ligaments
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5 distinguishing features of synovial joints:
Hint: AC-AC-JC-SF-RL |
Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule Joint Cavity Synovial Fluid Reinforcing Ligaments |
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FLATTENED fibrous sacs lined with a synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid– they are common in sites where ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie and rub against bones--
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Bursae
example: a bunion is a bursae at the base of the big toe which is swollen from rubbing usually by a tight fitting shoe |
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an ELONGATED bursae that WRAPS completely around a tendon subjected to friction-- " like a bun around a hot dog ".
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Tendon Sheath
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Are synovial joints Diarthroses?
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YES, All of these joints are freely moveable {diarthroses}-- the joint cavity is designed to allow freedom of movement.
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Movements allowed by synovial joints:
Hint: APMS |
Axes, Planes of Space, and Planes of Movement
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AROUND which the body part moves
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Axes
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ALONG which the movement occurs
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planes of space
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3 planes of movement
Hint: TFS |
transverse, frontal, and Sagittal.
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Terms used to describe these movements:
Range of Motion: NUBM |
Non-Axial
Uni-Axial Bi-Axial Multi-Axial |
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movement in all 3 planes or about 3 axes.
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Multiaxial
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movement in 2 planes or about 2 axes.
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Biaxial
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movement in 1 plane or about 1 axis.
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Uniaxial
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there is NO AXIS around which movement can occur -- only slipping movements can occur.
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Nonaxial
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3 general types of MOVEMENT:
Hint: GAR |
Gliding
Angular Rotation |
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1 flat or nearly flat bone surface GLIDES or slips over another similar surface--these are the simplest types of joint movements--
examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints. |
Gliding
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increases or decreases the ANGLE between 2 bones --
they may occur along any plane of the body -- these movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. |
Angular
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the TURNING of a bone around its own long axis --
examples: the only movement allowed between the first 2 cervical vertebrae also the rotation of the arm and leg -- medial rotation-- rotation towards the median plane of the body -- lateral rotation -- rotation away from the median plane of the body. |
Rotation
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List the 5 ANGULAR movements:
Hint: FED&PAA |
Flexion
Extension Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion of foot Abduction Adduction |
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a bending movement that DECREASES the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together -- usually occurs along the sagittal plane--
examples: bending head forward on chest and the arm is flexed at shoulder when it is lifted in an anterior direction. |
Flexion
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movement that INCREASES the angle between articulating bones -- opposite of flexion --
examples: straightening a flexed head, elbow, or knee. |
Extension
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flexion and extension are not appropriate for describing the up and down movements of the foot at the ankle joint since both movements decrease the angle so technically are flexion
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Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot
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DEPRESSING the foot
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Plantar Flexion
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LIFTING the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin.
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Dorsiflexion
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movement of a limb AWAY midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane --
examples: raising the arm or thigh laterally -- when used to indicate the movement of fingers or toes it means spreading them apart-- the midpoint reference point is the longest digit. |
Abduction
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movement of a limb TOWARD the MIDLINE or median plane of the body or in the case of digits toward the midline of the hand or foot -- opposite of abduction --moving the arm or thigh medially.
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Adduction
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moving of a limb so it describes a CONE in space-- the distal end of the limb moves in a CIRCLE while the shoulder or hip remain more or less stationary.
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Circumduction
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" TURNING BACKWARDS " -- rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly --
rt. hand uses this to drive a screw. |
Supination
Supination is usually a strongly movement than pronation. |
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Both supination and pronation refer to movements of _________ around the ______.
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radius around the ulna.
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" TURNING FORWARD" -- rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly –
rt. hand uses to remove a screw. |
Pronation
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Inversion and eversion are special movements of the ______.
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foot.
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sole of FOOT turns LATERALLY
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Eversion
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sole of foot turns MEDIALLY
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Inversion
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lifting or moving a body part SUPERIORLY along a FRONTAL plane --
examples: elevating the mandible during chewing; elevating the scapulae while shrugging. |
Elevation
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lifting or moving a body part INFERIORLY --
examples: lowering the mandible; lowering the scapulae. |
Depression
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occurs only at the saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and carpals--allows one to touch thumb to tips of fingers on same hand -- this movement makes the human hand a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.
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Opposition
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Describe the following types of synovial joints:
Hint:B&S, CHPPS |
Ball & Socket joints
Condyloid joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints Plane Joints Saddle Joints |
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they are GLIDING joints -- the articular surfaces are flat and they allow only short slipping or gliding movements --
examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints. |
Plane joints
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a UNIAXIAL joint that only allows FLEXION and EXTENSION at a transverse axis or in sagittal plane --
examples: elbow and knee. |
Hinge joints
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the only movement allowed is the ROTATION of 1 bone around its long AXIS or against the other --
examples: the joint between the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis allowing the movement of the head from side to side; proximal radioulnar joint. |
Pivot joints
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BIAXIAL joints that allow ALL ANGULAR movements, that is, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction – Examples: radiocarpal joints {wrist} and metacarpaophangeal joints.
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Condyloid joints
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resemble condyloid joints -- each articular surface has CONCAVE and CONVEX areas, that is, they are SADDLE shaped -- articular surfaces fit together; concave to convex surfaces --
most clear examples are the carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. |
Saddle joints
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MULTIAXIAL joints that allow movement in all 3 planes or about 3 axes -- most freely moving of the synovial joints --
examples: shoulder and hip. |
Ball - and - Socket joints
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Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:
Temporo- mandibular joint -- |
Temporo- mandibular joint -- only synovial joint in the skull.
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Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:
Sacroiliac joint |
Sacroiliac joint -- partly a fibrous joint and partly a synovial – there is a small synovial cavity enclosing a part of the joint -- rest of joint held firmly by dense connective tissue.
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Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:
Shoulder joint{Glenohumeral } |
Shoulder joint{Glenohumeral } -- not a very secure ball- and - socket joint because the glenoid fossa is a shallow socket -- stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely joint in the body.
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Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:
Hip joint { Coxal }-- |
Hip joint { Coxal }-- a secure ball-and-socket joint because the acetabulum is a deep socket -- less movement but more stable.
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Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:
Knee joint -- |
Knee joint -- the largest and most complex joint in the body -- it allows flexion, extension, and some rotation -- despite its single joint cavity it is 3 joints in one: the femoropatellar joint and the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints -- of all of the joints the knee is the most susceptible to sports
injury because of their high reliance on nonarticular factors for stability and they bear the bulk of the body weight -- it can absorb a vertical blow of 7 times the body weight but or very vulnerable to horizontal blows and twisting. |
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spinal condition where the THORACIC curvature is exaggerated -- results in hunchback condition.
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Kyphosis
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Name 3 Disorders or diseases related to the skeletal system in the Vertebral Column.
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Kyphosis, Lordosis and Scoliosis
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spinal condition where the LUMBAR curvature is exaggerated -- results in swayback condition.
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Lordosis
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spinal condition caused by a LATERAL curvature of spinal column.
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Scoliosis
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INFLAMMATION of a joint or joints-- describes over a 100 different types of degenerative or inflammatory diseases that damage the joints.
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Arthritis
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4 types of Arthritis:
Hint: BROG |
Bursitis
Rheumatoid Arthritis OsteoArthritis Gout |
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MOST COMMON type of arthritis -- a chronic inflammation that causes the articular cartilage in the affected joint to gradually degenerate -- "enzyme theory ".
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Osteoarthritis
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MOST SEVERE type of arthritis -- cause: the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and produces an abnormal tissue called pannus -- the pannus grows over the articular cartilage and gradually destroys it -- an autoimmune disease.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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an inflammation of a BURSA -- usually caused by excessive stress or friction --
for example falling on one's knee may cause bursitis of the prepatellar bursa . |
Bursitis
Ex: Tennis elbow |
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caused by excessive levels of URIC ACID which deposits urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints -- more common in males than females because male have higher evels of uric acid .
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Gout
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2 types of Fractures of bones
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Simple and Compound
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the broken ends of the bone DO NOT PENETRATE the skin.
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Simple fracture
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the broken ends of the bone PROTUDE through the skin -- more difficult to treat because of bone marrow infection.
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Compound fracture
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Describe how fractures are healed.
Fractures undergo a series of changes during the healing process -- these occur in 3 steps: Hint: PFB |
1.Formation of procallus.
2.Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus. 3.Formation of bony callus. |