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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many chambers does the heart have?
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Four
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Where is the heart located?
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Mediastinum (area from the sternum to the vertebral column and between the lungs).
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Where is the apex on the heart?
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Bottom of the heart
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Where is the base on the heart?
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Top of the heart
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Where is the anterior surface on the heart?
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Under the sternum and ribs
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Where is the inferior surface on the heart?
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Rests on the diaphragm
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Which direction does the right border face on the heart?
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Faces right lung
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Which direction does the left border face on the heart?
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Faces left lung
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Fibrous Pericardium (Pericardial Sac)
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-Dense irregular Connetive Tissue
-Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overstretching |
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Serous Pericardium
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-Thin delicate membrane
-Made of two layers: +Parietal layer - outer layer +Visceral Layer - epicardium |
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Where is the the Pericardial Cavity w/Pericardial Fluid?
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Between the Parietal/Visceral Layers.
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Left & Right Atriums
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Thin walled receivers of blood from lungs and body that empty into ventricles.
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Left & Right Ventricles
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Thick walled pumps of blood to lungs and body.
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When AV valves open and SL (semi-lunar) valves close.
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Relaxation
-blood flows from atria into ventricles. |
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When AV valves close and SL (sem-lunar) valves open.
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Contraction
-blood flows from right ventricles into pulmonary trunk and from left ventricle into aorta. |
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The opening and closing of the heart valves is done by the force of what?
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Blood pushing
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How does the blood flow through the heart?
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-Vena Cava
-Right Atrium -Tricuspid Valve -Right Ventricle -Pulmonary Valve -Pulmonary Trunk & Arteries -Lungs -Pulmonary Veins -Left Atrium -Bicuspid Valve -Left Ventricle -Aortic Valve to Aorta |
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When the blood flows from the Vena Cava to the Left Atrium.
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Pulmonary Circulation
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When the blood flows from the Bicuspid Valve to the Left Ventricle.
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Systemic Circulation
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What are the veins on the heart?
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-Anterior Cardiac Vein
-Posterior Cardiac Vein -Middle Cardiac Vein -Small Cardiac Vein -Great Cardiac Vein -Coronary Sinus |
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Epicardium
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Visceral layer of serous pericardium.
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Myocardium
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Cardiac muscle layer is the bulk of the heart.
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Endocardium
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Chambers lining and valves cover.
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What is the structure of the Cardiac Muscle?
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-Striated
-Branched -Intercalated discs -Involuntary -Aerobic (Doesn't function without oxygen) |
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Contractile Cardiac Muscle
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Make all the myocardium; cause contraction of the heart chambers.
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Autorhythmic Cardiac Muscle
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Self-excitable like nerves; form the conduction system through the heart muscles; form the heart pacemaker.
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node
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Pacemaker
-In right atrium near entrance of superior vena cava -automatically depolarizes and starts each heartbeat |
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Atrioventricular (AV) Node
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Receives electrical signal from SA node, delays it then sends it to ventricles.
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AV bundle (of His)
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Receives signal from AV node
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Right and Left Bundle Branches
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-Formed by division of AV bundle
-Send signal to each ventricle |
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Purkinje Fibers
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Spread signal throughout ventricles
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Why is the heart Intrinsic?
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It has it's own pacemaker that starts each beat.
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Systole
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Heart muscles depolarization causes their contraction.
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Diastole
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Heart muscles repolarization causes their relaxation..
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What do the alternating heart muscles Systoles and Diastoles produce?
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The cardiac cycle
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Cardiac Output
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Is the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute.
[H.R.] X [S.V.] |
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Heart Rate
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Number of heart beats in one minute
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Stroke Volume
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The amount of blood ejected by the heart in each beat.
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Factors Affecting the stroke Volume: PRELOAD
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[End-diastolic volume] Amount of blood in the ventricles before ejection.
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Factors Affecting the stroke Volume: AFTERLOAD
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Diastolic blood pressure in the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
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Factors Affecting the stroke Volume: CONTRACTION FORCE
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Of the Cardiac Muscles
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Factors Affecting the heart rate: BLOOD CHEMISTRY
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Hormones and electrolytes in the blood can change the heart rate.
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Factors Affecting the heart rate: BODY TEMPERATURE
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Fever speed up the heart rate.
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Factors Affecting the heart rate: BLOOD PRESSURE
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Big changes in the blood pressure can change the heart rate.
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Tachycardia
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A heart rate above 100/min
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Bradycardia
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A heart rate below 60/min
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Asystole
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Cardiac standstill, no contraction
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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Narrowing of the coronary arteries
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Ischemia
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Decreased blood flow
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Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pericardium
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Angina Pectoris
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Chest Pain
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Myocardial Infarction
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Loss of living heart muscle cells
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Arteriosclerosis
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Thickening of the arterial walls
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Atherosclerosis
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Hardening of arteries
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Arrhythmias
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Irregularity of heart rhythm
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Heart failure
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Reduced ability of the heart to pump blood.
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Cardiac Acceleratory Center
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Sympathetic impulses secreting
Norepinephrine increase the heart rate. |
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Cardiac Inhibitory Center
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Parasympathetic impulses secreting acetylcholine decrease the heart rate.
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Right Coronary Artery
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-Marginal Branch
-Posterior Interventricular Branch |
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Left Coronary Artery
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-Circumflex Branch
-Anterior Interventricular Branch |
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P Wave
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Atrial Depolarization
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QRS Complex
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Ventricular Depolarization
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T Wave
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Ventricular Repolarization
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P-Q Interval
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Time for the signal to travel from SA node to AV bundle
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Q-T Interval
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Time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization
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