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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The three principal parts of the cell are the _____, _____, & _____.
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plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus |
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_____ refers to programmed cell death, whereas _____ refers to cell death resulting from tissue injury
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apoptosis,
necrosis |
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The fluid portion of cytoplasm is the _____.
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cytosol
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List three causes of cellular aging.
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shortening & loss of protective
telomeres on chromosomes, cross-link formation between glucose & proteins free radical formation |
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Duplicated chromosomes held together by centromeres are called chromatids. (T/F)
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true
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The sodium pump is an example of primary active transport. (T?F)
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true
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The basic structural unit of the plasma membrane is the _______.
a. lipid b. integral protein c. cholesterol molecule d. peripheral protein e. glycoprotein-glycolipid complex |
a. lipid
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Integral proteins can function in the cell membrane in all the following ways except ______.
a. as a channel b. as a transporter c. as a receptor d. as an exocytosis vesicle e. as a cell-identify marker |
d. as an exocytosis vesicle
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Which of the following factors influence the diffusion rate of substances through a plasma membrane?
1. concentration gradient 2. diffusion distance 3. surface area 4. size of diffusing substance 5. temperature |
1, 2, 3, 4, & 5
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A cell would lose water volume & shrink if placed in _________.
a. a hypertonic solution b. a hypotonic solution c. an isotonic solution d. a hydrophobic solution e. an ionic solution |
a. a hypertonic solution
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Which of the following statements regarding the nucleus are true?
1. Nucleoli within the nucleus are the sites of ribosome synthesis 2. Most of the cell's hereditary units, called genes, are located within the nucleus 3. The nuclear membrane is a solid, impermeable membrane 4. Protein synthesis occurs within the nucleus 5. In non-dividing cells, DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin |
True Statements:
1, 2, & 5 |
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cytoplasmic division
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cytokinesis
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Somatic cell division resulting in identical daughter cells.
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mitosis
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Reproductive cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half
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meiosis
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Stage of cell division when replication of DNA occurs
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interphase
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Stage when chromatin fibers condense & shorten to form chromosomes
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prophase
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Stage when centromeres split 7 sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
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anaphase
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Stage when centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the center of the mitotic spindle?
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metaphase
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Stage when chromosomes uncoil & revert to chromatin.
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telophase
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DNA region that does not code for synthesis of a part of a protein.
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intron
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DNA region that codes for synthesis of a part of a protein
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exon
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enzyme that removes all introns & joins remaining exons
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snRNP
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nucleotide sequence, located near the beginning of a gene, that indicates where transcription begins; RNA polymerase attachment site
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promoter
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the copying of the DNA message onto messenger RNA
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transcription
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joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
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ribosomal RNA
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binds to amino acids & holds them in place on a ribosome to be incorporated into a protein
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transfer RNA
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nucleotide sequence near the end of a gene that indicates where transcription ends; releases RNA polymerase
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terminator
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reading a messenger RNA for protein synthesis
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translation
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enzyme that catalyzes transcription of DNA
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RNA polymerase
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a transcribed sequence of three RNA nucleotides
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codon
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directs synthesis of a protein
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messenger RNA
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membrane enclosed vesicles formed in the Golgi complex that contain strongly hydrolytic enzymes
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lysosomes
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network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, providing cellular shape & organization
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cytoskeleton
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sites of protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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contain enzymes that break apart uneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into small peptides
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proteasomes
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site where secretary proteins& membranes molecules are synthesized
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rough ER
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membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
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peroxisomes
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microtubular structures extending from the plasma membrane & involved in the movement of materials along the cell's surface
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cilia
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modifies, sorts, packages, & transports molecules synthesized in the rough ER
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Golgi complex
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an organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle
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centrosome
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function in ATP generation
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mitochondria
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functions in synthesizing fatty acids & steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream, & detoxification
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smooth ER
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passive transport in which a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane & is released on the other side
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facilitated diffusion
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movement of materials out of the cell by fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
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exocytosis
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the random mixing of particles in a solution due to the kinetic energy of the particles
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diffusion
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transport of substances either into or out of the cell by means of a small, spherical membranous sac formed by budding off from existing membranes
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vesicular transport
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uses energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of a transporter protein, which "pumps" a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient
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primary active
transport |
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vesicular movement involving endocytosis on one side of a cell & subsequent exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell
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trancytosis
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type of endocytosis that involves the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid
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pinocytosis
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type of endocytosis in which large solid particles are taken in
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phagocytosis
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movement of water from an area of higher to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
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osmosis
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process that allows a cell to take specific ligands from the ECF by forming vesicles
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receptor-mediated
endocytosis |
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indirectly uses energy obtained from the breakdown of ATP; involves symporters & antiporters
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secondary active
transport |