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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Articles of Confederation
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* Written 1776-1777, ratified 1781
*Under them the U.S. was a loose collection of independent states |
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Constitution:Members of Congress
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Two Senators per state, number of Representatives dependent upon population
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Shays' Rebellion
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*1,100 Farmers angered by the high taxes in Mass. were led by Daniel Shays in an attempt to seize weapons from a state armory-1787
*As a result harsh debt laws were eased and business activity increased. |
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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*Nothwest territory marked off into townships
*For each township 1 square mile would be set aside to support a public school |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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*Set up a plan of government for the NW Territory
*Congress would choose a governor and judges- as soon as 5000 free adult males lived there they could elect their own legislature *Eventually could be carved into 3 to 5 separate states *No slavery |
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"Demigods"
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Energetic delegates of the Constituntional Convention- Jefferson nicknamed
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Great Compromise
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*Under it congress would have two houses
*Preserved the idea of making the national government supreme |
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Large-State Plan
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(The Virginia Plan)
*Under it national government would have 3 branches *Gave more power to Congress *Called for a Congress in which voting power was dependent upon population |
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New Jersey Plan
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*Preserved the Principle that all states should have an equal voice (Equal Representation)
*Only one house for Congress |
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The Federalist Papers
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A series of 77 essays in support of the constitution
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Lousiana Purchase
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*Nearly doubled size of U.S.
*Cost 15 million dollars *leads to land democratization-giving more people the right to vote such as the middle class |
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Peaceful Coercion
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*Jefferson put embargo on U.S. ships- stopped all trade because he didn't trust Americans
*New England was greatly effected |
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Nonintercourse Act
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*Forbade trade with Great Britain or France, but opened trade with other countries
*Led to smuggling of goods |
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Macon's Bill #2
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*Opened trade with Great Britian and France
*Whoever stopped impressing U.S. sailors fist, U.S. would put embargo on the other country *French acted more quickly |
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Thomas Jefferson
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*Balanced Budget- cut funding from military
*Expanded power of the president *Retooling of Military-"Jeffs" boats |
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Judiciary Act of 1801
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*Creates several Judge positions in Federal Government
*president appointed justices so it could be filled by their guys before president leaves |
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Samuel Chase
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*Federal Judge who critisied people
*Was impeached but not removed *Results in Judges being more unbiased |
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John Jay Treaty
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*With Britain
*Laid down rules for increased trade *Set deadline for British withdrawl from forts in the U.S. *U.S. threatened to go to war with them if impressment of soldiers didn't stop *Made U.S. more friendly with Great Britain *So bad Spain thought U.S. had a secret alliance with G.B. |
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Pickney Treaty
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*1795
*Spain gave u.S. part of Florida due to their paranoia from John Jay Treaty *Also stopped encouraging Native American raids |
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Election of 1796
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*Adams President, Jefferson Vice
*President faces problems with France *France threatened by Adams coming to power- don't like federalists |
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XYZ Affair (Quasi War)
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*1797
*U.S. had to pay to see foreign powers in France *Letters were published which started an Undeclared (Quasi) War *All treaties were repealed from France and a navy department was created *Lasted for 2 years though never declared a war |
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Alien Act
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*New imigrants tended to be democratic-republicans so federalists in power increase the years to become a citizen to 14 years.
*Deported anyone who was not a citizen |
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Sedition Act
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*Goal was to stop people from criticising political party in power
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Virginia & Kentucky Resolution
("VA-KY") |
*1798
*Response to Alien and Sedition Acts *Claimed states had a right to nullify unconstitutional federal actions |
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Election ("Revolution") of 1800
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*First democratic-republican in Power
*Jefferson President, Burr Vice |
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Slave Trade Compromise
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*after 20 years no more importing of slaves from other countries
*Legally stopped in 1808 *Important because slaves born in u.S. would grow up with the same culture which was less hard to ignore |
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"Mad" Anthony Wayne
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*Punished Indian tribes- crushed and demoralized them
*Indians were using British guns |
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French Revolution
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*1789
*French at war with Britain *Genet-French Representative |
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American Alliance with France
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*1778
*U.S. would help French out and French would help U.S. out *Permanent |
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Neutrality Proclamation
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*President could suggest course of action when it came to neutrality, but Congress had the power to declare war
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Minister Genet Precedents
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1)U.S. would recognize appointed representatve of any foreign government
2)Exective branch had the power to establish relationship with foreign government |
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Hartford Convention
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*New England states sent Representatives
*They were all federalists *Proposed several amendments including a single term limit fot the president *End to the federalist party |
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Tariff of 1816
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A protective Tariff, which was to protect infant U.S. industries that had sprung up during the War of 1812
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Panic of 1819
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*caused by the Bank of the United States
*Affected Farmers mostly *As as some moved west and started farming others followed and there was a surplus of cotton *As a result proces dropped |
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Adams-Onis Treaty
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*1819
*Spain cedes Florida to U.S. and sets a U.S. southern border |
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Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833
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*after Congress passed a high tariff SC came up with the Ordinance of Nullification-said that any use of federal force against SC would cause them to secede
*Jackson responded by sending troops Clay proposed a compromise tariff *the Force bill was also passed which enabled the President to use troops to enforce the tariff laws. |
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Manifest destiny
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"God-given" right to take over new territories (1840s)
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sectionalism/nationalism
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*Result of the War of 1812
*Sectionalism- loyalty to a region of a country |
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Wilmot Proviso
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*David Wilmot proposed an amendment that said slavery could not be allowed in any territory acquired with the money.(Mexican land)
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Texas
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*Annexed in 1845
*led to War with Mexico,since Mexico saw the land as theirs, but would not sell it *War lasted two years (1846-1848) *both signed a peace treaty, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February of 1848. |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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*U.S. got posession of Califonia and land stretching westward from Texas to California
*U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and its debts owed to U.S. citizens *Gadsden Purchase(1853)- U.S. bought land from Mexico that today makes up the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico. |
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Jacksonian Democracy
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*set up the spoils system-elected gov. officials handed out public jobs to members of their political party
*Rotation in office-any intelligent man could work in a post office or collect tariffs, so jobs like that should be passed around. |
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Era of Good Feelings
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*1815-1820s
*not much political fighting *Monroe reelected *Only Republican Party left |
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Tariff of Abominations
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*1828
*clled for extremely high tariffs *passed by President Adams *south hated it |
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American System
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*Proposed by Henry Clay in 1824
*called for high tariffs to provide money for internal improvements *high tariffs would also protect industries, thus increasing employment and income |
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Missouri Compromise
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*1820
*Missouri would come in as a slave state, while Maine would come in as a free state *this was to keep balance in the senate *prohibits slavery in all parts of the Louisiana Purchase that lay north of Missouri's southern border |
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Monroe Doctrine
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*1823
*declares most of western hemisphere of limits to foreign intervention |
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Treaty of 1846
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*compromise with Britain
*split the Oregon Country, placing the boundary between British and U.S. lands at the 49th parallel. |
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Election of 1824
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*clay dropped out and gave his support to Adams
*Adams won and made Clay Secretary of State *Jackson was mad because he had the most popular votes, but not the majority of electoral votes so the decision went to the House of Representatives. |
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Industrial Revolution
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*1789
*Cotton Gin invented *interchangeable parts *factory system *labor unions *growing immigration |
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Corporation
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a business that can sell stock, or shares of ownership, to raise money
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collective bargaining
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labor unions would negotiate with employers on behalf of an entire group of workers for a contract that might provide higher wages or better working conditions.
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Indian Removal Act
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*1830
*Jackson *Congress declared that Native Americans would have to move west of the Mississippi |
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Independent Treasury
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*van Buren got Congress to set it up
*had subtreasuries in major cities *federal government became its own banker |
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Anti-Masonic party
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*first important third party
*formed in 1828 |
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turnpikes
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*toll roads, built usually by private businesspeople but sometimes by a government
*first turnpike was between Philadelphia and Lancaster, PA. (1791) |
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National Road
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*1811
*westward from Cumberland, MD, through southern PA. |
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Erie Canal
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*1825
*40ft wide, 350 miles long *cheaper and easier transportation *businesses boomed along the canal and in NY. |
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Women's Rights Convention
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*Seneca Falls
*called for woman's suffrage |
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Oneida Community
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*NY
*called themselves perfectionists |
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Compromise of 1850
"CANMUT" |
1)Califonia enter as a free sate
2)New Mexico and Utah-popular sovereignty 3)Texas gets $10 million to give up part of NM east of the Rio Grande 4)slave trade illegal in District of Columbia 5)Fugitive Slave Act-make it easier for slave-holders to reclaim escaped slaves |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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*1854
*Douglas proposed popular sovereignty in the two territories *called for a repeal of the Missouri Compromise |
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Bleeding Kansas
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*1856- a proslavery mob attacked and burned the town of lawrence, Kansas.
*Anti-slavery settlers led by John Brown murdered 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. |
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Dred Scott Decision
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*1857
*voids Missouri Compromise *Supreme Court rules Scott was not a citizen and therfore not free *Congress could not bar slavery from a territory |
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Freeport Doctrine
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*a territory's legislature could eliminate slavery just by failing to pass laws to support it.
*hurt Douglas's chances of becoming the Democratic nominee for president in 1860 |
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Harpers Ferry
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*1859
*abolitionist John Brown stages a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA in hopes of starting a slave revolt. *it fails *Brown hung |
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Fort Sumter
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*Lincoln sends a suply ship into SC waters to bring food to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
*Caolinians attack *War started |
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theaters of war
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*East Theater-between Washington and Richmond
*West Theater- between Appalachain Mts. and Mississippi River |
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Copperheads
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northern democrats who wanted Lincoln to let the South secede
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First Battle of Bull Run
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*1861
*people watched the battle while they picniced *shows the war is very real and blody *south wins under Jackson *868 soldiers killed |
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Battle of Antietam
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*1862
*Lee's messangers dropped confederate battle plans and it was found by union *McClellan attacked the divided troops, but the battle ended in a draw *Leads Lincoln to announce Emancipation Proclamation |
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Confiscation Act
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*1861
*allowed the seizure of all "property" used for insurrection purposes, including slaves |
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Battle of Shiloh
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*1862
*North won *bloodiest battle so far- Union lost 13,000 and Confederates lost 11,000 *soon after Union gained control the Mississippi River from the Gulf to Baton Rouge |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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*issued 1862
*if rebellion had not ended by January 1, 1863 it would go into effect *set free all slaves in the South under confederate control |
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13th Amendment
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*1865
*banned slavery everywhere in the U.S. |
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Battle of Chancellorsville
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*1863
*Jackson died Confederacy won over larger Union army |
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battle of Gettysburg
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*1863
*turning point in the war *went on for 3 days- biggest battle *Lee order Pickett's Charge- frontal assault across 400 yards of open ground-thousands of confederates were killed *Union won |
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Gettysburg Address
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*1863- 4 months later
*dedicated a national cemetery for those who died there *spoke for 3 minutes |
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Battle of Vicksburg
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*1863
*Union gained complete control of the Mississippi River |
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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*Captured Atlanta Sept.2, 1864
*Sherman led troops from Atlanta southest toward the coast *followed Scorched Earth Policy- burned crops and property leaving nothing in its wake *Sherman gave the city of Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present |
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Surrender at Appomattox
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*April 9,1865
*Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse |
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War Toll
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*more than 1/3 of all who fought in the war were injured or killed
*110,000 Union died *94,000 Confederate died |
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"Soft Reconstruction"
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*Lincoln wanted north to welcome south with open arms
*pardoned all former rebels and a quick return of south delegates to congress |
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Radical Republicans
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strongly opposed Lincoln's plan
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Wade- Davis Bill
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*1864
*before a seceded state could resume self-government, 50% of its voters would have to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union |
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Freedmen's Bureau
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*1865
* provide the former slaves and Southern refugees of any race with food, clothing, and medical care |
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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*declared that all people born in the U.S. were citizens
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Freedmen's Bureau Bill
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empowered the Freedmen's Bureau to hold military trials of anyone accused of violating a freed person's rights
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Reconstruction Acts
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required the Southern states to abandon their existing governments and create new ones
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14th Amendment
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*1868
*all people born in the U.S. are U.S. citizens |
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15th Amendment
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*1869
*voting rights for blacks |
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Populist Party
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*1892
*opposed high tariffs and favored reform |
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Homestead Act
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*1862
*family could stake a claim to 160 acres of federal land *the family had 5 years to build a home, then the land was theirs |
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Dawes Act
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*1887
*encouraged Native Americans to give up their traditions and adopt new ways |
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Newlands Reclamtion Act
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*1902
*the government began to build dams to hold water for irrigation |
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National Grange
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*1867
*worked together on ways to solve their problems *set up cooperatives |
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Granger Laws
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regulated the rates charged by railroads and grain companies
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consolidation
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buying out competitors and merging them into larger companies
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Interstate Commerce Act
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*1887
*created an Interstate Commerce Commission that could sue railroads that refused to obey its regulations |
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trust
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a single board of directors or trustees run several corporations
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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*1890
*to outlaw trusts *little immediate effect |
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National Labor Union
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*1866
*in 1868 it made Congress set an 8 hour work day for federal employees |
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Upheaval of 1877
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railroads laid off many workers due to the depression as a result workers went on strike. In some areas trains no longer ran
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Knights of Labor
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*1878
*goal was to bring skilled and unskilled workers into one big union |
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Socialism
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a way of organizing society so that the public owns the major industries and makes the key decisions about how wealth is distributed
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Haymarket Riots
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*1886
*Knight of Labor organized a strike in support of the 8 hour workday *anarchists rallied top protest police action *bomb was set off by anarchists |
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American Federation of Labor
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*1886
*organization for skilled workers only *wanted higher wages, shorter workdays, and better working conditions |
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17th Amendment
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*1913
*direct election of senators |
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protectorate
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an arrangement in which a weak nation comes under the protection of a more powerful nation or nations
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