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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Alcohols have the _____ functional group.
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Hydroxyl
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Ethers have the _____ functional group.
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Alkoxy
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Alcohols with more than one functional group are called:
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Polyhydric.
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Water forms _ hydrogen bonds.
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2
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Alcohols have what kind of intermolecular bond?
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Hydrogen bonding. Permanent dipole - permanent dipole.
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Secondary alcohol groups oxidise to form _____ groups.
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Carbonyl. C double bond O. Forms a KETONE
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Alcohols become _____ soluble as you increase chain length.
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Less.
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Carbonyl group structure:
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Similar to an carboxylic acid, but in the centre of a chain; CH double bond O
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Primary alcohols:
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Have the OH on the terminal carbon of a carbon chain. The carbon is attached to one other.
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Secondary alcohols:
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Have the OH group bonded to a carbon somewhere in the middle of a chain. The carbon is attached to to others.
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Tertiary alcohols:
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Have the OH group bonded to a central carbon. The carbon is bonded to three others.
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Primary alcohols are oxidised to:
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Aldehydes. (Then carboxylic acids)
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Aldehydes are oxidised to:
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Carboxylic acids.
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Aldehyde nomenclature:
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Suffix -al
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Tertiary alcohols are oxidised to:
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Nothing. They do not oxidise.
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Ketone nomenclature:
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Suffix -one
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Alcohols are usually oxidised by:
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Heating with acidified solutions of potassium dichromate(VI) K2Cr2O2
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Aldehydes and ketones both contain:
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A carbonyl group.
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The difference between an aldehyde and a ketone is:
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The position of the functional group. Aldehydes have it on the end, ketones in the middle of a chain.
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The dehydration of an alcohol produces:
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An alkene and water
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Dehydration of alcohols is what type of reaction?
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Elimination.
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Dehydration of alcohols is done by:
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An alcohol vapour being passed over a hot alumina catalyst (Al2O3) at 300 degrees.
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Are ethers less or more polar than alcohols?
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Less.
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Of comparable alcohols and ethers, which is more soluble in water and why?
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Alcohols as they form hydrogen bonds more readily and dissolve better thus. More polar.
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Alkene + halogen addition reaction:
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Alkene + halogen reaction:
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Electrophilic addition.
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Alkenes enter ______ reactions because of:
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Electrophilic addition. The region of negative charge a double bond represents.
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One can easily test for an alkene by:
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Shaking with bromine water. The bromine will decolourise.
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Alkene electrophilic reactions include: (4)
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Reactions with bromine and halogens, reactions with hydrogen bromide (and other hydrogen-halides) to form halogenoalkanes, reactions with water (to form alcohols, HYDRATION), reaction with hydrogen (to form alkanes, HYDROGENATION).
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The addition of water to a alkene is a:
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Electrophilic addition, specifically hydration.
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Conditions for the hydration of an alkene:
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phosphoric acid cat. adsorbed onto silica and steam - heated under pressure.
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Conditions for the hydrogenation of an alkene:
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Platinum catalyst (room temperature & pressure) or nickel (finely powdered, 150 degrees, five atmospheres.)
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What kind of energy does infrared radiation confer to molecules?
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Vibrational.
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The leftmost, complex region of an IR spectrum is called:
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The fingerprint region
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What kind of energy does infrared radiation confer to molecules?
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Vibrational.
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Fibres:
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Strong linear polymers that can form threads.
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Chain length increase makes a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Stronger.
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Charges side groups make a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Stronger.
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Branching makes a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Weaker
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The leftmost, complex region of an IR spectrum is called:
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The fingerprint region
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What properties to plasticisers confer?
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Flexibility, lowers melting point.
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What properties do cross-links confer?
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Greater strength and rigidity, higher melting points (often thermoset)
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What properties do lots of crystalline regions confer to a polymer?
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Lower flexibility, higher strength.
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One can force crystalline regions to occur in fibres by:
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Cold-drawing, forming a neck.
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A co-polymer is formed by:
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Repeating units of different types. (Different types of monomers)
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Condensation polymerisation produces:
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A polymer and some small molecules (often water or HCl)
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Elastomers:
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Soft, springy, flexible, stretchy (but return to original shape)
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Plastics:
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Experience plastic deformation, solid.
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Stereoregularity makes a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Stronger.
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Cross-linking makes a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Stronger.
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Plasticisers makes a polymer weaker or stronger?
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Weaker.
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A thermoplastic polymer:
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Has few or no cross links, and can be melted and reformed.
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Thermoset polymers:
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Have extensive cross-linking, cannot be melted, char instead.
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