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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gelisol soil is noted by what feature?
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its permafrost
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What are the conditions of permafrost for it to be considered permafrost?
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permafrost is material that remains below 0*C for more than 2 consecutive years
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_________ or (frost churning) is where the above permafrost layer results in distinctive surface features
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Cryoturbation
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What is the only state in the United states that Permifrost is found?
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Alaska
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Histosols are what types of soil?
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organic soils
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_________ is formed from organic parent material in wet environments
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Histosols
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in what type of soil is New plant material produced faster than old plant material decomposes?
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Histosols
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What type of soil is Fertile, acidic, lightweight with high water-holding capacity?
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Histosols
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What soils have little or no horizon development?
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Entisols
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Under what conditions do Entisols form?
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-Recently deposited parent material
-Landscapes with active erosion or deposition of materials -Climatic conditions not conducive to horizon formation -Parent material too inert to develop soil horizons (quartz sands) -Deep mixing of horizons by man |
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_____% of entisols are found in deserts
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60%
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__________ are responsible for 16% of global ice-free land - most extensive
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Entisols
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What is the name of the sandy Entisol from the Mojave desert of California?
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Psamment
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What is the name of the Entisol formed in the Northern Casade mountains?
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Orthent
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What soils have weak horizon development?
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Inceptisols
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What soils are considered young?
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inceptisols
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What is the name of the inceptisol type that is found in the northern cascade mountains of california?
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Xerept
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What is the name of the soil order that arises from young volcanic soils?
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Andisols
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What are some of the soil properties of andic soil?
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-Low bulk density
-Potential for wind erosion -Amorphous clays (allophane) -High macroporosity with rapid drainage |
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this soil order is the highly productive soil of hawaii with large amounts of humus and has high CEC
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Andisols
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What is the soil Order characterized by desert soils?
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Aridisols
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This soil order is characterized by having long dry periods and only short periods of wetness
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Aridisols
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This soil profile is characterized by the vegetation of Desert shrubs and bunch grasses.
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Aridisols
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________ soils int he imperial valley are highly productive
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Aridisols
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This type of aridisol formed in gravelly alluvium in the mojave Desert. It is characterized by having a cemented horizon
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Durid
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This is the soil of grasslands
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Mollisols
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What soil order is characterized by accumulation of Ca-rich organic matter from dense prairie grass roots, Thick mollic epipedon, and being highly fertile?
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Mollisols
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Mollisols consist of approximately ______% of the U.S.
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22%
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This soil order consists of the largest land area of the United States
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Mollisols
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This soil order is characterized by swelling and cracking clays
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Vertisols
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This soil is 'self-mixing’ soils containing >30% of high shrink-swell smectite clays
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Vertisols
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This type of soil has a deep A horizon with often no B horizon and a vegetative grassland
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Vertisols
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This soil order is identified by being a fertile soil with subsoil clay
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Alfisols
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Alfisols are the result of these types of vegitation _______ or _________
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deciduous forests or grasslands
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This soil order is characterized by having fertile soils with subsoil clay
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alfisols
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The indian state soil, and the san joaquin california state soil are in this soil order
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Alfisols
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This soil order is characterized by having humus under sand
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spodosols
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This is the highly acidic soil characterized by being the soil of coniferous forests
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spodosols
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This soil order is characterized by having highly leached soils with subsoil clay
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Ultisols
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this soil is highly leached of basic cations and often has an E horizon
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Ultisols
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This soil order is characterized by having highly oxidized soils
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Oxisols
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This is the soil type of tropical rain forests
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Oxisols
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what are the 3 soil physical properties?
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Texture, structure, and bulk density
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what is soil texture?
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the sizes of particles in a osil
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what is the size range of sand?
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2.0- 0.05 mm
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What is the size range of silt
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0.05 - 0.002 mm
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What is the size range of clay
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<0.002
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_____________ is the arrangement of soil particles into groupings called aggregates (peds) that are separated by planes of weakness (macropores)
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Soil structure
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This is a network of sticky roots and fungal hyphae
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macroaggregates
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this is organic glues produced by bacteria and fungi, decomposing organic matter, and earthworm casts
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Microaggregates
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What are the poitive and negative effects of tillage on soil?
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Positive effects: break up large clods, incorporate OM, increase total porosity.
Negative effects (wet soil): increases rate of OM decomposition, crush stable aggregates, decrease macroporosity |
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Soil pore space makes up ____% to _____% by volume
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25% to 60%
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These pores are formed by roots, earthworms and insects, and are important in clay soils
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biopores
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What is the equation for soil bulk density?
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Soil mass (g)/ soil volume (cm^3)
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Soil particle density is different then soil bulk density because...
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soil particle density doesn't include soil pore spaces.
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What is the average soil particle density?
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2.60 g/cm^3
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what has more pore space sandy soils or clay soils?
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clay soils have more pore space
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what has a greater bulk density sandy soils or clay soils?
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sandy soils have a greater bulk density
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Soil strength is the measure of what?
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the measure of how difficult it is for roots to push particles aside.
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How does agriculture management effect soil bulk density?
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it increases soil bulk density
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What are the three factors of the munsell color system?
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-Hue (redness or yellowness)
-Value (lightness/darkness; 0=black) -Chroma (intensity/brightness; 0=neutral gray) |
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What aspects in the soil does soil temperature effect?
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affects chemical, physical, and biological processes occurring in the soil
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What is the optimum temperature for microbial processes?
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30* C
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_________ is when alternate freezing and thawing of soil water forces objects upward in the soil, especially when soil is wet
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Frost Heaving
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in regards to soil strength what are cohesive soils?
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soils with a clay content >15%
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in regards to soil strength what are noncohesive soils?
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sandy soils
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What are some of the facts regarding Expansive soils?
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They contain shrink-swell clays (smectites), they occur in 20% of land area in US, they cause huge amounts of damage
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what type of bond links water molecules together?
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Hydrogen bonds
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This is the sticking of molecules to the same molecules
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cohesion
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this is the sticking of molecules to other types of molecules
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adhesion
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Total soil water potential is a combination of the the effects of what three potentials?
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matric potential, gravitation potential, osmotic potential
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