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167 Cards in this Set
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Angiocardiography
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Injection of a radiopaque substance during cardiac catheterization for the purpose of imaging the heart and related structures.
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Arthrography
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X-ray recording of a joint.
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Barium enema
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Introduction of a barium sulfate suspension through the rectum for imaging of the lower digestive tract to detect obstructions, tumors, and other abnormalities.
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Barium swallow
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Radiographic imaging done after the oral injection of a barium sulfate suspension; used to detect abnormalities of the esophagus.
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Brain scan
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Nuclear medicine procedure involving intravenous injection of radioisotopes to localize and identify intracranial masses, lesions, tumors, or infarcts. Photography is done by a scintillator or scanner.
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Cerebral angiography
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X-ray of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium; also called cerebral arteriography.
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Cervicography
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Photographic procedure in which a specially designed 35-mm camera is used to image the entire cervix to produce a slide called a cervigram. It is used to detect early cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical cancer. Can be combined with colposcopy or be done on its own.
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Cholangiography
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Radiographic procedure that captures images of the common bile duct through the injection of a contrast medium into the bile duct, after which a series of digital images is taken.
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Cholecystography
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Contrast study in which iodine is ingested orally. The gallbladder is then imaged at different time intervals to assess its functioning; this procedure is used to diagnose cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and other abnormalities of the gallbladder.
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Computed tomography (CT) scan
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Imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes.
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DEXA scan
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Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, a procedure that measures the density of bone at the hip and spine. Also called DXA.
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Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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Digital imaging process wherein contrast images are used to “subtract” the noncontrast image of surrounding structures, leaving only a clear image of blood vessels.
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Echocardiography
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Use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esophagus.
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Echoencephalography
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Ultrasound exam of the brain, usually done only on newborns because sound waves do not readily penetrate bone.
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Electrocardiography (ECG)
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Recording of electrical impulses of the heart as wave deflection of a needle on an instrument called an electrocardiograph. The record or recording is called an electrocardiogram.
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Record of the electrical activity of the brain. May be used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, infection, and coma.
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Electromyography (EMG)
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Procedure that records the electrical activity of muscles.
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Epididymovesiculography
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Imaging of the epididymis and seminal vesicle using a contrast medium.
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Evoked potential (EP)
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Electrical response from the brainstem or cerebral cortex that is produced in response to specific stimuli. This results in a distinctive pattern on an EEG.
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Fluorescein angiography
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Procedure to confirm suspected retinal disease by injection of a fluorescein dye into the eye and use of a camera to record the vessels of the retina.
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Fluoroscopy
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Special kind of x-ray procedure that allows visualization of structures in real time directly on a monitor screen.
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Holter monitor
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Portable electrocardiograph that is worn to record the reaction of the heart to daily activities.
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Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
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X-ray procedure using contrast medium to image the uterus and fallopian tubes.
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Intravenous urography(IVU)
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Radiographic imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done with a contrast medium. Also called intravenous pyelography (IVP).
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Kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB)
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Radiographic imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done without a contrast medium.
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Lung perfusion scan
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Nuclear medicine test that produces an image of blood flow to the lungs; used to detect pulmonary embolism.
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Lung ventilation scan
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Test using radiopharmaceuticals to produce a picture of how air is distributed in the lungs; measures the ability of the lungs to take in air.
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Lymphadenography
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Radiographic visualization of the lymph gland after injection of a radiopaque substance. Also called lymphography.
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Lymphangiography
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Radiographic visualization of a part of the lymphatic system after injection of a radiopaque substance.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures.
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Mammography
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Imaging technique for the early detection of breast cancer.
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MUGA scan
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Multiple-gated acquisition scan is a noninvasive method of imaging a beating heart by tagging RBCs with a radioactive substance. A gamma camera captures the outline of the chambers of the heart as the blood passes through them.
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Myelogram
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X-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contrast medium.
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Myelography
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X-ray of the spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopaque substance.
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Myocardial perfusion imaging
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Use of radionuclide to diagnose CAD, valvular or congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy.
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Nephrotomography
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Sectional radiographic exam of the kidneys.
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Ophthalmoscopy
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Any visual examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
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Otoscopy
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Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope.
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Phlebography
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X-ray imaging of a vein after the introduction of a contrast dye.
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Plethysmography
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The measurement of changes in volume of organs or body parts.
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Polysomnography
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Measurement and recording of a number of functions while the patient is asleep (e.g., cardiac, muscular, brain, ocular, and respiratory functions). Most often used to diagnose sleep apnea.
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Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
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Use of radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections. Measurements can be taken of blood flow, volume, and oxygen and glucose uptake, enabling radiologists to determine the functional characteristics of specific parts of the brain. PET scans are used to assist in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and stroke.
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Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan
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May be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland’s ability to concentrate and retain iodine. Useful to test for hyperthyroidism.
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Radiography
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Process of making an x-ray image (with or without contrast media).
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Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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An injection of a radioactive sugar substance that is metabolized by the brain, which is then scanned for abnormalities.
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Sonography
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Noninvasive imaging using high-frequency sound waves.
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Splenic arteriography
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Radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium.
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Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
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Radiographic imaging of the urinary bladder and urethra done with a contrast medium while patient is urinating.
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X-ray
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Imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures. X-rays may also include the use of a contrast medium, as in pulmonary angiography, which uses a dye injected into the blood vessels of the lung, followed by subsequent x-ray imaging to demonstrate the flow of blood through these vessels. A chest x-ray is one of the most common imaging techniques for the respiratory system; used to visualize abnormalities of the respiratory system.
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Arthroscopy
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Visual examination of a joint, accomplished by use of an arthroscope.
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Bronchoscopy
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Endoscopic procedure used to examine the bronchial tubes visually.
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Colposcopy
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Endoscopic procedure used for a cervical/vaginal biopsy. The instrument used is called a colposcope.
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Culdoscopy
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Endoscopic procedure used for biopsy of Douglas’ cul-de-sac. The instrument used is called a culdoscope.
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Cystourethroscopy
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Visual examination of the bladder and urethra with a biopsy of the ureter.
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Cystoscopy
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Visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope.
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Endoscopy
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General term for any internal visualization of the body using an instrument called an endoscope, which has its own fiberoptic light source. The endoscope enters the GI tract through the oral cavity (esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]); through the anus (proctoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy); or through an incision in the abdominal wall (laparoscopy).
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Gonioscopy
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Visualization of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye; used to diagnose glaucoma and inspect ocular movement.
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Hysteroscopy
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Endoscopic procedure used for a myomectomy (fibroid removal) or polypectomy (polyp removal). The instrument used is called a hysteroscope.
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Laparoscopy
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Endoscopic procedure for removing lesions (lysis), a hysterectomy, or ovarian biopsy. The instrument used is called a laparoscope.
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Laryngoscopy
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Endoscopic procedure used to visualize the interior of the larynx.
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Mediastinoscopy
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Endoscopic procedure used for visual examination of the structures contained within the space between the lungs.
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Neuroendoscopy
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Use of a fiberoptic camera to visualize neural structures.
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Thoracoscopy
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Visual exam of the chest cavity.
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A1c
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Measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span. Used to monitor response to diabetes treatment. Formerly called HbA1c.
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AIDS test—ELISA, Western blot
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Tests to detect the presence of HIV types 1 and 2.
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Arterial blood gases (ABG)
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Blood test that measures the amount of O2 and CO2 in the blood.
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Bacterial analyses
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Culture and serology of lesions to help diagnose such disorders as impetigo.
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Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
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Group of blood tests to measure calcium, glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
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Blood cultures
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Blood samples are submitted to propagate microorganisms that may be present. Cultures may be indicated for bacteremia or septicemia or to discover other pathogens (fungi, viruses, or parasites).
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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Blood test that measures the amount of nitrogenous waste in the circulatory system; an increased level is an indicator of kidney dysfunction.
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Cardiac enzymes test
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Blood test that measures the amount of cardiac enzymes characteristically released during a myocardial infarction; examines the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
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Examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities. Useful in diagnosing hemorrhages, tumors, and various diseases.
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Complete blood cell count (CBC)
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Group of tests, including RBC (red blood count), WBC (white blood count), Hb (hemoglobin), Hct/PCV (hematocrit/packed-cell volume), and diff (WBC differential).
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Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
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Set of 14 blood tests that add protein and liver function tests to the BMP. Glucose is also measured with a different method than in the basic panel.
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Coombs’ antiglobulin test
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Blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), acquired hemolytic anemia, or a transfusion reaction.
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Creatinine clearance test
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Test of kidney function that measures the rate at which nitrogenous waste is removed from the blood by comparing its concentration in the blood and urine over a 24-hour period.
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Diff count
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Measure of the numbers of the different types of WBCs.
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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Measurement of time for mature RBCs to settle out of a blood sample after an anticoagulant is added. An increased ESR indicates inflammation.
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Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
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After a period of fasting, blood is drawn. The amount of glucose present is used to measure the body’s ability to break down and use glucose.
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Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS)
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Definitive test for diagnosing syphilis.
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Fungal tests
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Cultures of scrapings of lesions used to identify fungal infections, such as tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea cruris.
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Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
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Blood test to detect increased enzymes that can indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, or nephrosis, and to test for Helicobacter pylori antibodies.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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The amount of blood that is filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys. This rate is decreased when the kidneys are dysfunctional.
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Gram stain
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Test that can be used to diagnose gonorrhea.
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Hematocrit (Hct), packed-cell volume (PCV)
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Measure of the percentage of RBCs in the blood.
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Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
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Iron-containing pigment of RBCs that carries oxygen to tissues.
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Hormone tests
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Measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood.
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Lipid profile
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Blood test to measure the lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the circulating blood.
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
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Test to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs. This test is useful for measuring a patient’s response to treatment for anemia.
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Monospot
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Test for infectious mononucleosis.
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Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
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Blood test to measure the body’s response to a concentrated glucose solution. May be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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Test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system; used to detect hemophilias.
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Phlebotomy
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The opening of a vein in order to withdraw a blood sample. Also called venipuncture.
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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Blood test for prostatic hypertrophy. Very high levels may indicate prostate cancer. Above 2.6 ng/ml is considered elevated.
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Prothrombin time (PT)
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Test that measures the amount of time taken for clot formation. It is used to determine the cause of unexplained bleeding, to assess level of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin or with vitamin K deficiency, and to assess the ability of the liver to synthesize blood-clotting proteins.
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Quantiferon-TB gold test (QFT)
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Definitive blood test to diagnose tuberculosis.
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Radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
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Nuclear medicine test used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclide.
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Rheumatoid factor test
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Lab test that looks for rheumatoid factor (RF) present in the blood of those who have rheumatoid arthritis.
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Schilling test
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Nuclear medicine test used to diagnose pernicious anemia and other metabolic disorders.
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Serum calcium (Ca)
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Test to measure the amount of calcium in the blood.
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Sperm analysis
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Count and analysis of the number and health of the spermatozoa as a test for male fertility. Also called sperm count or semen analysis.
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Sputum culture
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Cultivation of microorganisms from sputum that has been collected from expectoration.
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Stool culture
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Fecal exam to test for microorganisms in the feces, such as worms, amoebae, bacteria, and protozoa.
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Stool guaiac, hemoccult test
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Fecal specimen exam to detect hidden blood, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Sweat tests
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Laboratory test for abnormally high level of sodium and chloride present in the perspiration of persons with cystic fibrosis.
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Thyroid function tests (TFTs)
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Blood tests done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin. May be used to evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function.
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Total bilirubin
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Blood test to detect possible jaundice (yellowing of the skin), cirrhosis, or hepatitis.
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Total calcium
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Measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Results may be used to examine parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, or cancerous conditions.
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Tumor markers
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Tumor marker tests measure the level of a variety of biochemical substances detected in the blood, urine, or body tissues that often appear in higher than normal amounts in individuals with certain neoplasms. Because other factors may influence the amount of the tumor marker present, they are not intended to be used as a sole means of diagnosis. See Ch 16 for a list of tumors.
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Tzanck test
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Microscopic examination of lesions for the purpose of diagnosing herpes zoster and herpes simplex.
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Urine glucose
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Used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus; a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose.
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Urine ketones
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Presence of ketones in a urine specimen may indicate diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism.
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Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
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Test used to screen for syphilis.
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Viral culture
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Sampling of vesicular fluid for the purpose of identifying viruses.
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White blood cell count (WBC)
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Measurement of the number of leukocytes in the blood. An increase may indicate the presence of an infection; a decrease may be caused by radiation or chemotherapy.
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Wound and abscess cultures
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Lab samplings that can identify pathogens in wounds, such as diabetic or decubitus ulcers, postoperative wounds, or abscesses.
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Allergy testing
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Series of tests involving a patch, scratch, or intradermal injection of an attenuated amount of an allergen to test for hypersensitivity.
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Amsler grid
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Test to assess central vision and to assist in the diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration.
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Audiometric testing
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Measurement of hearing, usually with an instrument called an audiometer. The graphic representation of the results is called an audiogram.
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Auscultation and percussion (A+P)
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Listening to internal sounds in the body, usually with a stethoscope, or by tapping (percussing).
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Babinski reflex
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In normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated. Babinski sign is the loss or diminution of the Achilles tendon reflex seen in sciatica.
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Bender Gestalt test
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A test of visuomotor and spatial abilities; useful for children and adults.
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Biopsy
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Removal and examination of living tissue for microscopic study. A closed biopsy is done by an endoscopy or aspiration (by suction through a fine needle). An open biopsy is done through an incision.
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Blood pressure (BP)
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A measure of the systolic over the diastolic pressure. The instrument used is a sphygmomanometer.
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Cardiac catheterization
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Threading of a catheter (thin tube) into the heart to collect diagnostic information about structures in the heart, coronary arteries, and great vessels; also used to aid in treatment of CAD, congenital abnormalities, and heart failure.
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Culdocentesis
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Removal of fluid cells from the rectouterine pouch to detect dysplasia.
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Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
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Assessment of an automatic motor response by striking a tendon. Useful in the diagnosis of stroke.
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Digital rectal examination (DRE)
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Insertion of gloved finger into the rectum to palpate the prostate.
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Draw-a-Person (DAP) Test
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Analysis of patient’s drawing of male and female individuals. Used to assess personality.
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DSM-IV-TR multiaxial assessment diagnosis
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Diagnostic tool measuring mental health of the individual across five axes.
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Exercise stress test (EST)
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Imaging of the heart during exercise on a treadmill, with the use of radioactive thallium or technetium 99m sestamibi.
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Exfoliation
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Scraping or shaving off samples of friable (easily crushed) lesions for a laboratory examination called exfoliative cytology.
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Fluorescein staining
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Use of a dye dropped into the eyes that allows differential staining of abnormalities of the cornea.
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Gait assessment rating scale (GARS)
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Inventory of 16 aspects of gait (how one walks) to determine abnormalities. May be used as one method to evaluate cerebellar function.
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Lumbar puncture (LP)
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Procedure to aspirate CSF from the lumbar subarachnoid space. A needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae to withdraw the fluid for diagnostic purposes. Also called a spinal tap.
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Manometry
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Test that measures the motor function (muscle pressure) of the esophagus.
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Mental status examination
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A diagnostic procedure to determine a patient’s current mental state. It includes assessment of the patient’s appearance, affect, thought processes, cognitive function, insight, and judgment.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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Assessment of personality characteristics through a battery of forced-choice questions.
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Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)
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Test that consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep; used to diagnose or rule out narcolepsy.
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Needle aspiration
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Aspiration of fluid from lesions to obtain samples for culture and examination.
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Nerve conduction test
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Test of the functioning of peripheral nerves. Conduction time (impulse travel) through a nerve is measured after a stimulus is applied; used to diagnose polyneuropathies.
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Pap smear
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Exfoliative cytology procedure useful for the detection of vaginal and cervical cancer.
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Peak flow meter
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Instrument used in a pulmonary function test to measure breathing capacity.
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Pelvimetry
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Measurement of the birth canal. Types of pelvimetry include clinical and x-ray, although x-ray pelvimetry is not commonly done.
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Phalen test
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A diagnostic test where the back (dorsal surface) of the patient’s hands are pressed together to elicit the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Pulmonary function test (PFT)
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Procedure for determining the capacity of the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently.
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Pulse oximetry
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Test to measure oxygen in arterial blood, in which a noninvasive, cliplike device is attached to either the earlobe or the fingertip.
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Pure tone audiometry
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Measurement of perception of pure tones with extraneous sound screened out.
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Range-of-motion testing
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An assessment of the defree to which a joint can be extended and flexed.
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Rinne tuning fork test
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Method of distinguishing conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.
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Rorschach
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A projective test using inkblots to determine the patient’s ability to integrate intellectual and emotional factors in his or her perception of the environment.
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Schirmer tear test
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Test to determine the amount of tear production; useful in diagnosing dry eye (xerophthalmia).
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Slit lamp examination
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Part of a routine eye examination; used to examine the various layers of the eye. Medication may be used to dilate the pupils (mydriatics), numb the eye (anesthetics), or dye the eye (fluorescein staining).
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Speech audiometry
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Measurement of ability to hear and understand speech.
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Spirometry
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Test to measure the air capacity of the lungs with a spirometer.
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Testicular self examination (TSE)
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Examination of the testicles by the patient.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Test in which patients are asked to make up stories about the pictures they are shown. This test may provide information about a patient’s interpersonal relationships, fantasies, needs, conflicts, and defenses.
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Throat culture
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Cultivation of microorganisms from a throat swab to determine the type of organism causing a disorder.
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Tonometry
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Measurement of intraocular pressure; used in the diagnosis of glaucoma. In Goldmann’s applanation tonometry, the eye is numbed and measurements are taken directly on the eye. In air-puff tonometry, a puff of air is blown onto the cornea.
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Tuberculosis (TB) skin tests
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Intradermal test (e.g., Mantoux test) using purified protein derivative (PPD) to test for either dormant or active tuberculosis; much more accurate test than the multiple puncture tine test, which has been used for screening purposes
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Tympanometry
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Measurement of the condition and mobility function of the eardrum. The resultant graph is called a tympanogram.
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Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)
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Test that uses otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) measured by the insertion of a probe into the baby’s ear canal and auditory brainstem response (ABR), which involves the placement of four electrodes on the baby’s head to measure the change in the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound while the baby is sleeping.
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Visual acuity (VA) assessment
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Test of the clearness or sharpness of vision; also called the Snellen test. Normal vision is described as being 20/20. The top figure is the number of feet the examinee is standing from the Snellen chart; the bottom figure is the number of feet a normal person would be from the chart and still be able to read the smallest letters. Thus if the result is 20/40, the highest line that the individual can read is what a person with normal vision can read at 40 feet.
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Visual field (VF) test
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Test to determine the area of physical space visible to an individual. A normal visual field is 65 degrees upward, 75 degrees downward, 60 degrees inward, and 90 degrees outward.
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Weber tuning fork test
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Method of testing auditory acuity.
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Measure of verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full-scale IQ.
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Wood’s light examination
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Method to identify a variety of skin infections through the use of a Wood’s lamp, which produces ultraviolet light; tinea capitis and Pseudomonas infections in burns are two of the disorders it can reveal.
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