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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1) The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except A) temperature. B) taste. C) touch. D) vibration. E) pain |
B) taste |
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2) Which of the following is not one of the special senses? A) hearing B) smell C) taste D) vibration E) vision |
D) vibration |
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3) The general senses A) involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure. B) are located in specialized structures called sense organs. C) are localized to specific areas of the body. D) cannot generate action potentials. E) both A and B |
E) both A and B |
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4) Which of the following can contribute to receptor specificity? A) the structure of the receptor cell B) characteristics of the receptor cell membrane C) accessory cells that function with the receptor D) accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli E) any of the above |
E) any of the above |
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5) Sensory transduction can involve which of the following? A) a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane B) change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane C) the production of a receptor potential D) inhibition of neurotransmitter release E) any of the above |
E) any of the above |
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6) Central adaptation refers to A) the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. B) a characteristic of phasic receptors. C) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. D) increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. E) a change in motor receptivity of a neuron |
C) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. |
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7) Our perception of our environment is imperfect for all of the following reasons, except that A) humans lack receptors for every possible stimulus. B) receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner. C) not all sensations lead to a perception. D) abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact. E) our receptors have limited sensitivity. |
B) receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner. |
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8) Which of the following is sometimes calledprickling pain? A) mechanical damage B) chemicals C) extremes of temperature D) fast pain E) both B and D A |
D) fast pain |
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9) Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by A) nociceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) proprioceptors. |
A) nociceptors. |
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10) Thermoreceptors A) are found within the dermis. B) are free nerve endings. C) forcoldare structurally indistinguishable from those forwarm. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answe |
E) A, B, and C |
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11) A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a A) tactile receptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) nociceptor. D) thermoreceptor. E) light receptor. |
A) tactile receptor |
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12) A fast-adapting mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a A) tactile (Merkel) disc. B) root hair plexus. C) free nerve ending. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. |
E) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. |
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13) Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called A) nociceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) baroreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors. |
D) proprioceptors |
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14) Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called A) nociceptors. B) baroreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors. |
B) baroreceptors |
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15) Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called A) Ruffini corpuscles. B) lamellated corpuscles. C) tactile(Meissner) corpuscles. D) tactile discs. E) root hair plexuses. |
A) Ruffini corpuscles |
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16) A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a A) lamellated corpuscle. B) Ruffini corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus. |
C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. |
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17) A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) lamellated corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner)corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel)disc. E) root hair plexus. An |
B) lamellated corpuscle. |
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18) A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum germinativum is a A) lamellated corpuscle. B) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus |
D) tactile (Merkel) disc. |
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19) A fast-adapting tactile receptor that monitors movements across the body surface is a A) tactile (Merkel)disc. B) lamellated corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) root hair plexus. |
E) root hair plexus |
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20) Which of the following kinds of information do fine-touch and light-pressure mechanoreceptors provide? A) location of the stimulus. B) shape of the stimulus. C) texture of the stimulus. D) movement of the stimulus. E) all of the above |
E) all of the above |
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21) Which of the following is not a property of thermoreceptors? A) sensation conducted in same pathway as pain B) tonic response to temperature change C) found in skeletal muscle, hypothalamus, and skin D) project to reticular formation E) cold receptors outnumber warm receptors |
B) tonic response to temperature change |
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22) Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following, except A) carotid bodies. B) aortic bodies. C) in the skin. D) the organs of taste. E) the organs of smell |
C) in the skin. |
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23) Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration? A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior (dorsal) column D) spinothalamic E) both C and D |
C) posterior (dorsal) column |
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4) The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic. |
C) spinocerebellar |
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25) The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic. |
D) lateral spinothalamic |
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26) The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic. |
E) anterior spinothalamic |
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27) Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord, except the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) reticulospinal tract. E) anterior spinothalamic. |
D) reticulospinal tract. |
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28) The afferent neuron that carries the sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order |
B) first-order |
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29) Examples of sensory modalities include A) touch. B) warmth. C) smell. D) vibration. E) all of the above |
E) all of the above |
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30) Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order |
D) third-order |
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31) Only about ________ percent of the information provided by afferent fibers reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50 E) 95 |
A) 1 |
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32) Neurons from the nucleus gracilis A) relay information directly to the cerebrum. B) decussate before entering the medial lemniscus. C) relay sensory information to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. D) carry both crude and fine touch. E) both A and D |
B) decussate before entering the medial lemniscus. |
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33) We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because A) sensory neurons carry only one modality. B) sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions. C) incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. D) different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. E) of the many types of tactile receptors. |
B) sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions. |
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34) The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the cord is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
B) anterior corticospinal |
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35) The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
A) lateral corticospinal |
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36) The spinal tract that normally plays a minor role in the control ofthe distal muscles of the arms is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
C) rubrospinal |
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37) The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
E) vestibulospinal |
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38) The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
B) tectospinal |
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39) The pyramidal system provides A) voluntary control over skeletal muscles. B) voluntary control over smooth muscles. C) involuntary control over skeletal muscles. D) involuntary control over smooth muscles. E) involuntary control over cardiac muscle. |
A) voluntary control over skeletal muscles. |
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40) The corticospinal system is often referred to as the A) red nucleus. B) reticular formation. C) spinothalamic tracts. D) pyramidal system. E) medullary centers. |
D) pyramidal system |
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41) The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the A) size of the body area. B) distance of the body area from the brain. C) number of motor units in that region. D) number of sensory receptors in the area of the body. E) size of the nerves that serve the area of the body |
C) number of motor units in that region. |
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42) Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the A) sensory neurons. B) somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord. C) autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord. D) motor nuclei of cranial nerves. E) nuclei in the thalamus. |
D) motor nuclei of cranial nerves |
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43) Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the largest motor units? A) tongue B) face C) hands D) back E) larynx |
D) back |
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44) The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts. A) corticospinal B) corticobulbar C) reticulospinal D) vestibulospinal E) tectospinal |
A) corticospinal |
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45) Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. A) anterior corticospinal B) lateral corticospinal C) vestibulospinal D) reticulospinal E) rubrospinal |
B) lateral corticospinal |
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46) The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following, except the A) vestibular nuclei. B) reticular formation. C) superior colliculi. D) inferior colliculi. E) mamillary bodies. |
E) mamillary bodies. |
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47) Tracts of the lateral and medial pathways include all of the following, except ________ tracts. A) corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal |
A) corticospinal |
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48) A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected? A) corticospinal tract B) tectospinal tract C) rubrospinal tract D) corticobulbar tract E) reticulospinal tract |
D) corticobulbar tract |
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49) The basal nuclei A) initiate conscious motor activity. B) activate spinal reflexes. C) provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities. D) exert direct control over lower motor neurons. E) act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensorimotor activity. |
C) provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities. |
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50) Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle A) only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum. B) with practice, involve little input from the brain. C) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. D) are largely controlled at the level of the spinal cord. E) usually escape notice by the cerebellum |
) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. |
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51) Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect A) perception of pain. B) sight. C) voluntary motor activity. D) hearing. E) both A and D |
C) voluntary motor activity. |
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2) The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following, except A) touch sensations. B) visual information. C) equilibrium-related sensations. D) input from the motor cortex. E) input from proprioceptors. |
A) touch sensations. |
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53) Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somesthetic |
B) lower motor |
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54) Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration? A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior (dorsal) column D) spinothalamic E) both C and D |
C) posterior (dorsal) column |
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55) Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to A) stimulate neurons with GABA. B) inhibit neurons with GABA. C) stimulate neurons with acetylcholine. D) both A and C E) both B and C |
E) both B and C |
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57) Mechanoreceptors might detect which of the following sensations? A) pressure B) touch C) vibration D) muscle length E) all of the above |
E) all of the above |
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58) If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________, because it is not a special sense. A) smell B) sight C) balance D) cold E) hearing |
D) cold |
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59) In order for a sensation to become a perception, A) it must received by the somatosensory cortex. B) the individual must vocalize about it. C) it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers. D) the other senses must be silent. E) it must received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus. |
A) it must received by the somatosensory cortex. |
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60) Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to A) receptor specificity. B) accessory cells. C) the fact that they are interoceptors. D) receptor potentials. E) both B and C |
A) receptor specificity |
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61) A receptor potential may A) increase neurotransmitter release. B) decrease neurotransmitter release. C) be a hyperpolarization. D) be a depolarization. E) be any of the above |
E) be any of the above |
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62) Sensory information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus. A) modality B) intensity C) location D) speed E) both A and C |
E: A and C |
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63) Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________. A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors |
A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors |
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4) Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS. A) decreases B) increases C) stabilizes D) neutralizes E) both A and C |
A) decreases |
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65) Tickle is to ________ as itch is to ________. A) pressure; heat B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) touch; pain D) stretch; temperature E) thermoreceptors; nociceptors |
C) touch; pain |
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66) Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________. A) Wilms; Meissner B) Merkel; Meissner C) Meissner; Merkel D) Pacinian; Merkel E) pain; pressure |
B) Merkel; Meissner |
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67) ________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure. A) Chemoreceptors B) Nociceptors C) Baroreptors D) Proprioceptors E) none of the above |
C) Baroreptors |
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68) Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of A) referred pain. B) phantom pain. C) psychogenic pain. D) somatic pain. E) neurogenic pain. |
A) referred pain. |
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69) Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) spinal |
B) two |
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70) Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over the A) corticospinal pathway. B) medial pathway. C) lateral pathway. D) any of the above E) A and C only |
E) A and C only |
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71) The medial and lateral motor pathways can modify, or direct, skeletal muscle contractions by ________ lower motor neurons. A) stimulating B) facilitating C) inhibiting D) any of the above E) A and C only |
D) any of the above |
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72) The cerebellum relies on information from A) the eyes. B) the inner ear as movements are under way. C) proprioceptive sensations. D) motor commands from upper motor neurons. E) all of the above |
E) all of the above |
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73) ________ is a rare condition in which the brain fails to develop at levels above the mesencephalon or inferior part of the diencephalon. A) Anencephaly B) Encephalopathy C) Hydrocephaly D) Tetralogy of Fallot E) none of the above |
A) Anencephaly |
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74) A labeled line is A) a translation of complex sensory information. B) a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron. C) a reduction in sensitivity. D) a stimulation that produces action potentials. E) an adjustment for sensitivity adaptation. |
B) a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron. |
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75) ________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors. A) Warm; three or four; cold B) Thermoreceptors; three or four; cold C) Cold; three or four; warm D) Thermoreceptors; three or four; temperature E) Cold; 10; warm |
C) Cold; three or four; warm |
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76) In relation to the medial and lateral pathways, the ________ pathway controls ________ movements of trunk and ________ limb muscles. A) lateral; precise; distal B) lateral; gross; distal C) medial; fine; distal D) medial; gross; proximal E) medial; gross; distal |
D) medial; gross; proximal |
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77) In relation to the medial and lateral pathways, the ________ pathway controls ________ movements of ________ limb muscles. A) lateral; gross; distal B) lateral; gross; proximal C) medial; precise; proximal D) medial; gross; proximal E) lateral; precise; distal |
E) lateral; precise; distal |
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78) A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending and centrally usesglutamateand/or substance P as neurotransmitters, would most likely be a A) chemoreceptor. B) mechanoreceptor. C) thermoreceptor. D) nociceptor. E) free receptor. An |
D) nociceptor. |
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79) Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on A) the frequency of action potentials. B) which labeled line is active. C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. D) the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor. E) both A and B |
C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated |
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80) Destruction of or damage to a lower motor neuron in the somatic nervous system produces A) the inability to localize a stimulus. B) a subconscious response to a stimulation. C) flaccid paralysis of its muscle fibers (motor unit). D) a stimulation of the innervated muscle. E) none of the above |
C) flaccid paralysis of its muscle fibers (motor unit). |
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81) The cerebellum A) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. B) receives input from the motor cortex and basal ganglia. C) compares intended movement to actual movement. D) if damaged leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. E) has all these characteristics. |
E) has all these characteristics. |
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82) All of the following are true of a prickling pain sensation, except that they A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) are fast adapting. D) receive conscious attention. E) often trigger somatic reflexes. |
D) receive conscious attention |
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83) Sensations of burning or aching pain A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. D) are well localized. E) are fast adapting. |
C) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. |
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84) What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side? A) loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body B) loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body C) loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body D) loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body E) complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body |
C) loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body |
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85) Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce A) a sensation in the right leg. B) a sensation in the lips. C) a muscle twitch in the right leg. D) a muscle twitch in the lips. E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg |
A) a sensation in the right leg |
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86) Upper motor neurons are located in the A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) brain stem. D) spinal cord. E) both A and C |
E) both A and C |
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87) Somatic sensory axons enter the ventral root and usually ascend directly to the thalamus. A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false. |
D) Both parts of the statements are false. |
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88) Which of the following is true about the relation between stimulus intensity and its neural representation? A) Strong stimuli produce large generator potentials in sensory receptors. B) Strong stimuli produce large action potentials in sensory afferents. C) Strong stimuli produce a high frequency of action potentials in sensory afferents. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C |
D) A and C only |
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89) Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with the A) ability to position the arms. B) ability to monitor body position. C) ability to make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises. D) ability to control motor units located in the leg. E) ability to coordinate eating and swallowing movements. |
C) ability to make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises. |
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0) Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________. A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors |
B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors |
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91) If the primary motor cortex is destroyed, fine control of movement will be lost, but movement may not be lost completely because the medial and lateral pathways can still provide coarse motor control. A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false |
C) Both parts of the statements are true. |