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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
thoracic cavity
(divided into) |
two lateral compartments (pulmonary cavities containing lungs and pleurae)
central compartment (mediastinum containing other thoracic structures) |
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thoracic cavity
(lateral compartments contains) |
pulmonary cavities containing lungs and pleurae
|
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thoracic cavity
(central compartment contains) |
mediastinum containing other thoracic structures besides lungs and pleurae
|
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Pleurae
(what, surrounds) |
serous membrane which surrounds lungs and lines pulmonary cavities - continuous sac
|
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Pleurae
(2 types) |
visceral pleurae
parietal pleurae |
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visceral pleurae
(tightly adheres to) |
outer surface of lungs
|
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parietal pleurae
(lines) |
pulmonary cavities
|
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parietal pleurae
(parts) |
costal pleurae
diaphragmatic pleurae mediastinal pleurae cervical pleura (cupula) |
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cervical pleura
(aka) |
cupula
|
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lines of pleural reflection
(name them) |
costal reflection
sternal reflection vertebral reflection |
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lines of pleural reflection
(what) |
where parietal pleura changes direction abruptly from one wall of pleural cavity to another
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costal reflection
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costal with diaphragmatic
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sternal reflection
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costal with mediastinal anteriorly
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vertebral reflection
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costal with mediastinal posteriorly - more gradual
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endothoracic fascia
(separates) |
separates costal pleura from inner surface of thoracic wall
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pleural cavity
(type of space, between, contains) |
potential space
between layers of pleura contains pleural fluid |
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pleural fluid
(what) |
lubrication
surface tension |
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recesses
(created b/c) |
lungs don't completely fill space
recesses are spaces in pleura without lung |
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recesses
(name them) |
costodiaphragmatic recess
costomediastinal recess |
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pulmonary collapse
pneumothorax hemothorax pleuritis thoracentesis |
pp 120-122
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pleura blood supply
|
visceral pleura -
bronchial arteries, pulmonary veins parietal pleura - intercostal arteries internal thoracic arteries musculophrenic arteries veins similar |
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visceral pleura
(blood supply and drainage) |
bronchial arteries, pulmonary veins
|
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parietal pleura
(blood supply and drainage) |
intercostal arteries
internal thoracic arteries musculophrenic arteries veins similar |
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visceral pleura
(lymphatic drainage to) |
to hilar lymph nodes at root of lung
|
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parietal pleura
(lymphatic drainage to) |
to nodes of thoracic wall
(intercostal, parasternal, mediastinal, phrenic) |
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visceral pleura innervation
(type, from) |
all autonomic
from pulmonary plexus (vagus nerve and sympathetics) |
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parietal pleura innervation
(type, from) |
***pain sensation*** (sensory afferents)
intercostal and phrenic nerves |
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pleural pain
|
pg. 125
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Lungs
(role) |
oxygenate blood by bringing inspired air into close contact with blood in pulmonary capillaries
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lungs
(characteristics) |
normally light, soft, and spongy
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lung appearance
(pg. 122-123) |
pg. 122-123
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root of lung
(connects) |
lung with heart and trachea
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Hilum
(what, location, what happens here) |
depression on medial surface of lung
vessels and airways enter and leave (main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchial vessels, lymph vessels, nerves) |
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root of lung
(enclosed by) |
pleural sleeve
|
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pulmonary ligament
(characteristics) |
double layer of parietal pleura hanging from root of lung
|
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Root of lung
(what passes anterior) *LAB |
phrenic nerve
|
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root of lung
(what passes posterior) *LAB |
vagus nerve
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Apex
(what, location*) |
superior part of lung
ascends above 1st rib into root of neck (extends above clavicle, up into neck region) |
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Apex of lung (location)
|
ascends above 1st rib into root of neck
|
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injuries to cervical pleura and apex
|
p. 120
stab in neck region could lead to collapsed lung |
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Lungs
3 surfaces |
costal surface
mediastinal surface diaphragmatic surface |
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costal surface of lungs
(location, characteristics) |
adjacent to sternum, costal cartilages, ribs
large, smooth, convex |
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mediastinal surface
(includes _, related to _ and _, shape, impressions for) |
includes hilum
related to mediastinum and sides of vertebrae concave impressions for aorta, heart, esophagus, azygos vein, brachiocephalic vein |
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diaphragmatic surface
(location, resting on _, shape) |
base of lung
resting on diaphragm concave (right side has deeper concavity) |
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Lungs
(3 borders) |
anterior border
inferior border posterior border |
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anterior border of lungs
(location, left side has) |
where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap heart
*cardiac notch on left side |
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inferior border
(location) |
where diaphragmatic surface meets costal and mediastinal surfaces
|
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posterior border
(location) |
where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorly
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Left lung
(# of lobe(s) and fissure(s)) |
2 lobes
superior inferior 1 fissure oblique |
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left lung
characteristics |
2 lobes - superior and inferior
1 fissure - oblique superior lobe has cardiac notch and lingula |
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cardiac notch and lingula
(located on (be specific)) |
superior lobe of left lung
|
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For anterior view of lungs, usually see what lobe of lung
(impo in stab wounds) |
superior lobe on left lung
superior and middle lobe on right lung |
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For posterior view of lungs, usually see what lobe of lungs
(impo in stab wounds) |
mostly inferior lobe for both lungs
|
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Lungs
surface projections |
At MCL - Rib 6
At MAL - Rib 8 At scapular line - Rib 10 |
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Pleural reflections
surface projections |
At MCL - Rib 8
At MAL - Rib 10 At scapular line - Rib 12 |
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thoracentesis
(usually performed where) |
MAL b/w rib 8-10
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where does trachea divide?
|
at sternal angle
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Bronchi
(name them) |
Main (primary) bronchi
right primary bronchus left primary bronchus bronchial tree lobar (secondary) bronchi segmental (tertiary) bronchi bronchopulmonary segments |
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main (primary) bronchi
(where bifurcate, enter lung at _, divisions) |
bifurcates from trachea at carina at level of sternal angle
enter lung at hilum right primary bronchus left primary bronchus |
|
bronchoscopy
|
pg. 123
|
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right primary bronchus
(characteristics compared to left) |
wider
shorter more vertical |
|
aspiration - pg. 123
stuff more likely to get stuck in which primary bronchus? why? |
right b/c more vertical, wider, shorter
|
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left primary bronchus
(pathway to get to lung) |
passes inferior to arch of aorta
anterior to esphagus anterior to thoracic aorta to get to lung |
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bronchial tree
(location, _ in wall of larger airways, contains) |
within lung
cartilage contains: lobar (secondary) bronchi segmental (tertiary) bronchi bronchopulmonary segments |
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lobar (secondary) bronchi
(# on each side of lung) |
2 on left
3 on right (one for each lobe) |
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segmental (tertiary) bronchi
(divide into) |
bronchopulmonary segments
|
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bronchopulmonary segments
(shape, apex toward _, base at _, # on each side, each contains _) |
pyramidal-shaped lung segment
apex toward root of lung base at pleural surface 10 on right 8-10 on left each contains own segmental bronchus and blood supply |
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bronchi
(# of generations of branches after the segments) |
20-25 (bronchioles?)
|
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Blood supply to lungs
(name) |
right and left pulmonary arteries
2 right pulmonary veins 2 left pulmonary veins bronchial arteries |
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right and left pulmonary arteries
(from, carry, divide into) |
from right ventricle via pulmonary trunk
carry poorly oxygenated blood to lungs divide into lobar, segmental, and smaller branches |
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right and left pulmonary arteries
(location in root) |
tend to be higher in root
|
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pulmonary veins
(# total, # on each side, carry, begin as, location in root) |
4 total
2 on left 2 on right carry well-oxygenated blood begin as capillaries in lung tend to be lower in root |
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bronchial arteries
(from, supply) |
usually from thoracic aorta
supply structures in root of lung, and bronchi |
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bronchial veins
(drain, into) |
drain part of bronchial blood
into azygos system |
|
some bronchial blood also drained by _
|
pulmonary veins
|
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lymphatic drainage of lungs
(pathway) |
superior lymphatic plexus drains surface of lungs toward bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes > tracheobronchial nodes > bronchomediastinal trunks
Deep lymphatic plexus - associated with bronchi - drain into pulmonary lymph nodes along lobar bronchi > hilar nodes > tracheobronchial nodes > bronchomediastinal trunks |
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superficial lymphatic plexus
(drains, toward _ to _ to _) |
drains surface of lungs
toward bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes to tracheobronchial nodes to bronchomediastinal trunks |
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deep lymphatic plexus
(associated with _, drain into _, then to _ to _ to _) |
associated with bronchi
drain into pulmonary lymph nodes along lobar bronchi then to hilar nodes to tracheobronchial nodes to bronchomediastinal trunks |
|
bronchogenic carcinoma
|
p. 125
|
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Lungs
innervation |
Pulmonary plexuses
vagus sympathetic |
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Lungs - innervation
vagus (type, to) |
parasympathetic to bronchoconstrictors, vasodilators, secretomotor
visceral afferent to cough reflexes, stretch reception, etc. |
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Lungs - innervation
sympathetic (to) |
bronchodilators
vasoconstrictors inhibitory to glands |
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mediastinum
(what, extends from _ to _ and from _ and _ to _) |
central compartment of thoracic cavity (does NOT contain lungs)
extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm and from sternum and costal cartilages to bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
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mediastinum
(contains) |
thoracic viscera (many hollow)
loose CT vessels lymph nodes nerves fat - mobile - accommodates movement, volume, and pressure changes |
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mediastinum
(divisions) |
superior mediastinum
inferior mediastinum divides to: anterior, middle, posterior |
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superior mediastinum
(boundaries) |
from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm and
from sternum and costal cartilages to bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
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superior mediastinum
(contains) |
great vessels of heart
thymus esophagus trachea thoracic duct |
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inferior mediastinum
(location) |
from sternal angle and IV disc T4-T5 to diaphragm
|
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anterior mediastinum
(contains) |
thymus
|
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middle mediastinum
(contains) |
pericardium
**heart roots of great vessels |
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posterior mediastinum
(contains) |
esophagus
thoracic aorta azygos veins |
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Can structures in the mediastinum be in more than one compartment?
|
yes
ex: esophagus, aorta |
|
levels of viscera
widening of mediastinum classic anatomical description vs. clinical description |
p 132 - assume supine
p 133 - could be enlarged heart |