4. Self And Others

18 months

Child placed in front of mirror, with red dot painted on their nose. If reach towards mirror, doesn't tell much, but if reach for own nose --> recognize the person in the mirror is themselves.= sense of self

- great apes

Language

-helps memory and cognitive function

- describing past and remembering yourself --> can't talk about yourself if you can't talk.

- cognitive development = more complex thoughts about oneself

-social/cultural inputs = affects how people feel towards themselves

- knowing what other people think

- social interactions

- 3 yr olds fail --> if i know something everyone else must know it too. (smarties box= displacement test) --> others have diff. perspective than them

-3 yr olds cant believe that people can believe in facts that aren't true

That the imagination playtime kids all have actually teaches children the difference between reality and fantasy --> ones thoughts can differ from anothers

-inhibition

-related to theory of mind being there --> discussing it with parents

-and social experiences

- no pretend play

- don't know that thoughts differ from reality

-dont know diff people have diff views on reality

- poor speech --> especially w emotional and social contexts

-genetics

- prenatal brain damage

- non-social and non-emotional tasks. ex. math

- have strong sense of theory of mind --> this is biological to them

- somewhat

-hide food = shows they know others intentions. is someone watching them? hide accordingly

-piaget

-first stage

-follow rules

-self-centered approach to justice

- 5-10yrs old

-piaget

- 2nd step

- recognizes rules, social/ universal moralities

- places greater weight on feelings/ needs of others

- inspired by piaget

- 7 stages

- developed stages of moral reasoning

- how people reason when faced with moral problems

- just because someone reaches a stage doesn't mean they follow the morals, it just means they understand the reasoning

obedience and punishment orientation

- avoiding punishment

morality and naive instrumental hedonism

- costs vs benefits

morality of maintaining good relations

-being nice to others so they'll like you

morality of maintaining social order

- need for rules

- middle- ages children --> adolescence

morality of social contracts

-obeying rules for sake of public

morality of universal ethical principles

-principles that go above social rules/laws --> guide personal actions

morality of cosmic orientation

-big philosophical question

-moral absolutes or is moral relative?

- few peoples get to this stage

-yes

-fairness, reciprocity, punishment etc

- humans have attach,net behavioural system that makes them want to look out for others to care for them and to care for others.

- peers

-culture

-set examples

-empathy and compassion

- interest in helping others

- drive towards prosocial behaviour

- maybe just to make allies???

- helping and generous behaviour

- restraint, compliance, negotiation

-social referencing --> cues from caregivers to whats appropriate

- compliance--> noncompliance = often requires negotiation, or making child feel guilty --> make them act more professional

one animal doesn't directly benefit from interaction, they suffer.

- offset suffering by either kin selection or reciprocal altruism

-baboon giving leopard a warning call

by helping a related animal, they're helping copies of their own genes

- sacrifice life for 2 parents, 4 uncles/aunts etc

helping copies of your genes that live in someone related to you

- helping non-related individuals

- remember who reciprocated help and who didnt

- only help those who helped you

- ex: vampire bats

- evolutionary

- helps an individual at the expense of others

-bullying = inc in sex partners, resources, dominance.

- dominance hierarchies --> ranking people in social structure. makes sure weak don't attack the strong, and strong don't feel the need to attack weak.