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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the genetic makeup of an animal which is greatly affected by environmental interactions.
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genotype
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physical characteristics and performance of an animal
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phenotype
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physical conformation of an animal.
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type
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the Austrian monk ___ performed his now famous breeding experiments with peas and published his results in 1866
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Gregor Mendel
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Mendel's ___ are the basis of all genetic and animal-breeding theory practiced since his time
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Laws of Inheritance
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rod-shaped bodies that occur in pairs in the nuclei of cells and that carry the genetic makeup of the animal in the form of genes arranged along the chromosome
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chromosomes
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hereditary units located on a chromosome; composed of DNA
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genes
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location on a chromosome where a particular gene is found
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locus
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cell division of somatic or body cells. Produces identical diploid daughter cells (half from each parent)
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mitosis
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having two sets of homologous chromosomes. Symbolized by 2n
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diploid
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cell division that produces gametes, which contain the haploid number of chromosomes
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meiosis
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# of chromosomes found in the gametes, which is half the normal number of chromosomes found in the somatic cells
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haploid
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cell formed by the union of a sperm and an ovum
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zygote
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alternative form of a gene found on the same location of the homologous chromosome
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allele
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both genes at a particular location are the same allele
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homozygous
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where two alleles at a particular location are not the same
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heterozygous
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gene whose effect masks the phenotypic expression of its allele
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dominant
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gene whose expression is hidden by a dominant gene
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recessive
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the likelihood that some event or outcome will occur
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probability
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causes periodic episodes of muscle tremors ranging from shaking to to complete collapse in horses.
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Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
(HYPP) |
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primarily determined by additive genes
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polygenic traits
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phenotypic expression of some genes are limited to one sex
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sex limited genes
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all chromosomes excluding the X and Y
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autosomes
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genes that are carried on the nonhomologous portion of the X chromosome (usually recessive)
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sex-linked
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genes carried on the portion of the Y chromosome that has no homologous portion on the X chromosome. Passed only from father to son.
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Holandric Inheritance
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chemical change in the gene such that it functions differently than before the change; passed on to posterity
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mutation
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only ___ of the genes from each great-grandparent is passed on to an animal
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one-eighth
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4 basic systems of breeding
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inbreeding, crossbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing
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breeding of animals more closely related than the average relationship in the population. Decrease in performance of traits.
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inbreeding
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breeding an animal to a common ancestor; not as closely related as inbreeding
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linebreeding
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system of mating animals less closely related than the average for the breed. Opposite of inbreeding and increases heterozygosity.
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outcrossing or outbreeding
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mating of animals of different breeds. Increases hybrid vigor but only lasts one generation.
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crossbreeding
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animal with 2 purebred parents that is hence eligible for inclusion in the breed registry
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purebred
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animal whose name is recorded in the breed registry.
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registered
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animal that possesses the distinct characteristics of a particular breed but at least one of its parents cannot be traced to the registry
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grade
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refers to the first generation progeny following the parental or P1 generation
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F1
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2 dimensional grid used to determine the possible zygotes obtained from a mating
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Punnet Square
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sex cell
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gamete
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the removal from a herd of animals w. lower genetic or phenotypic value is called ___
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culling
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an animal's offspring
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progeny
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aka hybrid vigor
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heterozygosity
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means hornless
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polled
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