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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
the process by which:
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Concepts |
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Problem-solving |
the use of information to reach a goal that is blocked uses cognitive operations which include formulating the problem, understanding the elements of the problem, and generating and evaluating alternative solutions |
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cognitive operations |
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2 types of cognitive strategies used to solve problems |
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Algorithmic operations |
Systematic patterns of reasoning that guarantee finding a correct solution to a problem. |
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Heuristic operations |
Efficient problem-solving strategies that do not guarantee a correct solution. |
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representativeness heuristic |
The strategy of making judgments about the unknown on the assumption that it is similar to what we know. |
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divergent thinking |
Thinking that is loosely organized, only partially directed, and unconventional. |
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convergent thinking |
Thinking that is logical and conventional and that focuses on a problem. |
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mental set |
A habitual way of approaching or perceiving a problem |
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Language |
a symbolic code used in human communication |
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semantic content |
The meaning in symbols, such as language. |
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syntax |
The grammatical rules of a language. |
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semantic content |
The meaning in symbols, such as language. |
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phonemes |
The smallest units of sound in a language |
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morphemes |
The smallest units of meaning in a language |
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generative |
The ability to create an infinite set of utterances using a finite set of elements and rules. |
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linguistic relativity hypothesis -AKA- Whorfian Hypothesis |
the structure of language influences thinking |
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deep structure |
The underlying structure of a statement that holds its meaning. |
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surface structure |
The superficial spoken or written structure of a statement |
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Intelligence |
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framing |
The way in which a problem or question is presented |
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Gardner: "Multiple Intelligences" Seven Types of Intelligence |
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Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
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g |
A broad general factor of intelligence, a concept endorsed by some investigators of intelligence. |
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intelligence quotient (IQ) -AKA- ratio IQ |
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deviation IQ |
intelligence quotient based on the degree of deviation from average of the person's score on an intelligence test; compares individual scores to a normal distribution |
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IQ tests must be: |
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standardization |
Administering a test in the same way to all individuals. |
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objectivity |
Lack of subjectivity in a test question so that the same score is produced regardless of who does the scoring. |
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reliability |
A test's ability to produce similar scores if the test is administered on different occasions or by different examiners. |
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validity |
The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure. |
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normal distribution |
The symmetrical pattern of scores on a scale in which a majority of the scores are clustered near the center and a minority are at either extreme |
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norms |
Standards (created by the scores of a large group of individuals) used as the basis of comparison for scores on a test. |
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tacit intelligence -AKA- "everyday intelligence" |
The practical knowledge and skills needed to deal with everyday problems that are usually not taught in school. |
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fluid intelligence |
The ability to learn or invent new strategies to deal with new problems |
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trial and error |
The random application of one possible solution after another. |
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crystallized intelligence |
The ability to use previously learned skills to solve familiar problems. |