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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
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Active Transport
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One of a number of different forms of a gene.
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Allele
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Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. monomers of protein.
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Amino Acid
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the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move towards the opposite poles.
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Anaphase
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flowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
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Angiospore
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flower structure in which haploid male gametophytes are produced.
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Anther
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front
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anterior
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kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. have unusual lipids, genes are arranged more like eukaryotes, live in extreme conditions.
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archaebacteria
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process by which a single parent reproduces by itself.
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asexual reproduction
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chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
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autosome
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principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
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base pairing
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body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristics of worms, anthropods, and chordates.
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bilateral symmetry
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type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells.
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binary fission
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classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
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Binomial Nomenclature
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process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and form one part of the biosphere to another.
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities.
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biome
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part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.
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Biosphere
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compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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carbohydrate
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Photo-takes in carbon from air and makes it available to animals
Cell. Resp.-returns the carbon back to the air Decomposer-some carbon is put into the soil Human Activities-burn fossil fuels and releases carbon into the air. |
Carbon Cycle
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series of events cells go through as they grow ad divide.
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Cell Cycle
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cells are going to do different things
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cell differentiation
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idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
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cell theory
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process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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Cellular respiration
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concentration of sense organ and nerve cells at the front of an animal’s body.(having a head)
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cephalization
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organelle found in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
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chloroplasts
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member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stage in life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail.
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chordate
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threadlike structure inside the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
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chromosome
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short hairlike projections similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells.
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cilia
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group of similar orders
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class
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symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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commensalism
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cavity in the cytoplasm of some protests that collects water and discharges it from the cell.
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contractile vacuole
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taking pollen from one plant and putting it on a different plant.
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cross pollination
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protective structure formed by protists
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cyst
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division of the cytoplasm during cell division
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cytokinesis
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material inside the cell membrane- not including the nucleus.
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cytoplasm
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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.
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cytoskeleton
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term used to refer to a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year.
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deciduous
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organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter.
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decomposer
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organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter.
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detritivore
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angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledons.
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dicot
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
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diffusion
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term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes.
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diploid
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two sugars chemically bonded
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disaccharide
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helicase unzips it and DNA polymerase rebuilds it
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DNA Replication
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period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.
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dormancy
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top
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dorsal
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scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
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ecology
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collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment.
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ecosystem
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process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane.
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endocytosis
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internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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structural support located inside the body of an animal
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endoskeleton
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type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm.
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endospore
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protein that acts as a biological catalyst
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enzyme
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plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant.
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epiphyte
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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution.
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equilibrium
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wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean.
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estuary
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kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan.
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eubacteria
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process by which a cell releases large amounts of material.
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exocytosis
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external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates.
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exoskeleton
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movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.
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facilitated diffusion
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group of genera that share many characteristics.
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family
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aids in movement in bacteria
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flagella
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food chainseries of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
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food chain
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network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.
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food web
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kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter.
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fungi
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specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction.
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gamete
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group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature.
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genus
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stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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golgi apparatus
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natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases.
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greenhouse effect
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father of genetics
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gregor mendel
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seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surface of cones.
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gymnospore
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes.
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haploid
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passing of traits
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heredity
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individual that has both male and female reproductive organs.
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hermaphrodite
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process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
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homeostasis
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term used to refer to chromosomes that each has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.
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homologous chromosome
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes.
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hypertonic
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tiny filaments that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold.
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hyphae
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possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question.
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hypothesis
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.
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hypotonic
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compounds without carbon bonds traditionally non-life
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inorganic
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outer covering of an animal
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integument
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
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interphase
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animal that does not have a backbone, or vertebral column.
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invertebrate
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when the concentration of two solutions is the same.
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isotonic
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large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
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kingdom
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immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form.
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larva
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symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
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lichen
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macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes.(cell membranes, cushion, energy source)
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lipid
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virus inbeds its DNA into ours, replicates, then goes through lytic cycle
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lysogenic cycle
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cell organelle filled with enzymes need to break down certain materials in the cell.
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lysosome
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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meiosis
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set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
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metabolism
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second stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
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metaphase
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a type of archaebacteria
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methanogen
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periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another.
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migration
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cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
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mitochondrion
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part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides.
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mitosis
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angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon.
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monocot
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small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers.
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monomer
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single sugar molecule
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monosaccharide
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(messenger RNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
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mRNA
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three or more alleles for the same trait.
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multiple allele trait
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change in a DNA sequence affects genetic information
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mutation
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symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.
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mutualism
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many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the bodies of multicellular fungi.
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Mycelium
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process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.
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Natural selection
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cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system.
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neuron
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full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
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niche
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a->t g->c
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nitrogen base
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process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
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nitrogen fixation
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plant that lacks vascular tissue
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nonvascular plant
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group of similar families.
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order
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group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
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organ
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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
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organ system
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specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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organelle
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compounds with carbon bonds, traditionally from life
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organic
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
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osmosis
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symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives I or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it.
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parasitism
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transport of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy.
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passive transport
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studies of disease causing agents
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pathology
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process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.
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phagocytosis
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vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
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phloem
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process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygeb and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.
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photosynthesis
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group of closely related class.
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phylum
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process by which a cell takes in liquid through the surrounding environment.
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pinocytosis
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female reproductive part of a plant
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pistil
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tiny, free-floating organisms that occur in aquatic environments.
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plankton
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transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.
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pollination
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trait controlled by two or more genes.
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polygenic trait
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large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.
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polymer
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large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides.
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polysaccharide
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back
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posterior
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first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.
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prophase
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macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; need by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.
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protein
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process in which proteins are made
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protein synthesis
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any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.
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protist
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temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a “false foot,” used by some protists for feeding or movement.
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pseudopod
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animal-like protists
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protozoa
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body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body, characteristics of sea anemones and sea stars.
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radial symmetry
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small particle in which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein.
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ribosome
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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.
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rRNA
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lives off dead decaying things
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saprophyte
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plant that seeds
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seed plant
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only certain things can pass through the membrane
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selectivley permeable
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it pollinates itself
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self-pollination
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one of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex.
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sex chromosome
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gene located on the X or Y chromosome.
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sex-linked trait
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process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.
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sexual reproduction
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group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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species
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male part of the flower, made up of an anther and a filament.
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stamen
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relationship in which two species live closely together.
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symbiosis
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discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
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taxonomy
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fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material.
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telophase
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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tissue
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specific characteristic that varies from one individual to the another.
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trait
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DNA to RNA
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transcription
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mRNA into amino acids.
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translation
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loss of water from a plant through its leaves.
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transpiration
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type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomesduring protein synthesis.
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tRNA
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cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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vacuole
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plant that has vascular tissue
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vascular plant
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bottom
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ventral
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animal that has a vertebral column, or backbone.
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vertebrate
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study of viruses
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virology
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same thing as lytic cycle
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virulent
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evaporation > condensation > precipitation > runoff > seepage > root uptake > transpiration+evaporation >>
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water cycle
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vascular tissue that carries water.
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xylem
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fertilized egg.
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zygote
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bacteria-1) decompose plants and animals returning nitrogen to soil
2)nitrogen fixation-makes it available to plants 3) dinitrification- some bacteria break down nitrogen compounds in soil and return it to the air Plants- make it available to animals animals-take nitrogen from plants and animals and return nitrogen to the soil after death during decomposition. Some nitrogen is returned through waste . we use nitrogen to make protein |
nitrogen cycle
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1)state question
2)research 3)make hypothesis 4)experiment 5)collect data 6)analyze the data 7)make a conclusion |
scientific method
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