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9 Cards in this Set
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Lymphatic system functions |
Recycles fluids lost from the cardiovascular system Transports pathogens to the lymph nodes where they can be destroyed Storage and maturation some types of white cells Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids from food you eat |
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Lymphatic system parts |
Lymph capillaries Run parallel to blood capillaries More permeable than blood capillaries, able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system , able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system
Lymphatic fluid aka lymph Fluid that fills lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels Lymph capillaries empty into these which are similar to veins, even have valves Body movement and contraction of smooth muscles Propel lymph through the system Small vessels empty into larger vessels
Lymph nodes Largest lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes Range in size from an olive to a pinhead Consists of sections of lymphatic tissue containing wbc know as lymphocytes Lymphatic tissue is surrounded by lymphatic sinuses filled with lymph Fluid destroy pathogens using wbcs
Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic vessels leaving Lymph nodes empty in one of several trunk, bronchomediastinal, subclavin, jugular lumbar intestinal intercostal
Collecting ducts Lymphatic trunks empty into one of 2 ducts Thoratic duct Empties into left subclavin vein More than 2/3 of lymphatic system drain into it , left bronchomediastinal, left subclavin, left jugular intercostal intestinal lumbar Right lymphatic duct Includes right jugular, right subclavin, right bronchomediastinal
Spleen Filter and destroy pathogens using wbcs SpleenSpongy organ similar to lymph node has blood sinuses instead of lymphatic sinuses Blood sinuses are surrounded by white pulp containing lymphocytes and red pulp containing rbc and wbc Remove and destroys old damaged and fragile cells Stores platelets and white blood cells
Thymus Soft organ located between aortic Arch and sternum Get smaller or disappears in adult's as the immune system fully matures in its ability to fight infection Packed with lymphocytes which mature into T-lymphocyte
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Immune system |
Antigens Each living thing has unique cell surface antigens which allow your immune system to distinguish between your own cells and Invaders Ability is called self vs non-self recognition Antibodies Proteins that bind to antigens eventually destroying them Called into action when a foreign antigen invades the body Innate immunity First line of defense prevents invasion if Invasion occurs it take steps to prevent the spread of infection Can only recognize that something is not you it cannot identify what it is or remember what previous invaders where Adaptive immunity Remembers Invaders from previous encounters and prepares for future invasion this improves the response with experience by learning and changing |
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Components of immune system |
Physical barriers Anything that prevents invaders from entering body Skin, mucous membrane of eyes digestive respiratory and reproductive system act as barriers Packed with wbcs and lymph capillaries to trap invaders Part of innate immunity
White blood cells Born in bone marrow, move to other parts of body to grow and mature until they are needed during an invasion Not released into blood stream until later needed Divided into 2 groups
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes cells with granules or spots in their cytoplasm
Mononuclear agranulocytes no granules in cytoplasm
Neutrophils Granulocytes function is phagocytosis, ingesting pathogens and cellular debris Born in bone marrow, part of innate immunity, most common type in blood stream 1st responders at site of invasion
Macrophages , Phagocytic in later stages Modified Monocytes which leave blood stream and enter tissue Release chemicals to stimulate immune system
Basophils and mast cells Release chemicals to promote inflammation Granulocytes that enter infected tissue from blood stream Numbers are low unless infection is present Antihistamines block the effect of mast cells
Eosinophils Counteract the activities of Basophils and master cells and putting the breaks on inflammation Innate immunity
Dendrite cells Antigen displaying cell Ingest foreign cells take them to lymph nodes looking for lymphocytes that match antigen Adaptive immunity, alert your adaptive immunity to respond
Natural killer cells Wipeout out any infected cell in body as well as any nearby healthy cells They are lymphocytes that are not part of adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes Responsible for portion of adaptive immunity known as cell mediated immunity
B lymphocytes Responsible for part of adaptive immunity known as antibody mediated immunity Release chemicals to stimulate immune system
Chemicals Cytokines Proteins produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells which stimulate the immune response
Interferon Binds to neighboring uninfected cells and stimulates them to produce chemicals to protect themselves from the viruses Produced by cells that have been infected by a virus
Tumor necrosis factor Stimulates macrophages also causes death in cancer cells
Inflammation Symptoms are pain swelling heat and redness Body's response to tissue damage weather mechanical or pathological Helps to wall off the damaged area to prevent further spread which is called margination Cells Release histamine and Cytokines which attract wbcs to the sight, extra fluid causes swelling via increased permeability of the capillaries , then more blood comes to site and produces heat Wbcs destroy pathogens and clean away dead cells Swelling not a function of complete cascade
Fever Rise in body temperature to destroy pathogens by baking them out Cytokine targets hypothalamus and tells it to turn up the temperature in body
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Cancer stages |
Stage 1 No spread from origin Stage 2 Spread to nearby tissue Stage 3 Spread to nearby lymph nodes Stage 4 Spread to distant locations often terminal |
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How immune system works |
Innate immunity A pathogen must get through your physical barriers first
If gets past physical barriers a foreign antigen is detected by neutrophils which injest the foreign antigen destroying it and releasing chemicals which attract other white blood cells to the site of infection stimulating inflammation
Release of Cytokines and stimulation of inflammation attract macrophages and natural killer cells to the site of infection
Macrophages phagocytize infected cells and natural killer cells use chemicals to destroy infected cells both cells release chemicals to further stimulate inflammation activate more immune cells and Trigger the completement Cascade
Pathogens are under attack from phagocytosis noxious chemicals membrane rupture clumping and even alteration 2 molecule structure
Chemical signal your hypothalamus to raise your body temperatureInnate immunity is buying time for adaptive immunity innate immunity stimulate adaptive immunity
When a phagocyte cells ingest pathogens they display the foreign antigen on their cell membrane and activate B & T cells
Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity has memory learns from experience and recognizes specific pathogens
B & T lymphocytes remember pathogens in Mount specific responses to those pathogens if they meet again
Lymphocyte selection Positive selection is lymphocytes that can actually recognize and bind to antigens are allowed to survive, selects for immune competent cells Negative selection is the destruction of self recognizing lymphocytes
Lymphocyte activation Lymphocytes once specialized wait in the lymph node for a pathogen they recognize
When infected cells get phagocytize by the anitgens, they display the pathogens antigens on the outside of the cells that become visible to specialized lymphocytes. Once a special lymphocytes recognize the pathogen they become active and destroy it. This is the beginning of adaptive immunity
Lymphocyte proliferation The body only has a few lymphocytes that recognize each pathogen to which it has been exposed to
When a pathogen is recognized activated lymphocytes make thousands of copies of themselves to fight off the pathogens
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B cells |
Antibody mediated immunity Fight pathogens by making and releasing antibodies to attack a specific pathogen
B cells develop into plasma and memory B cells antibodies are made in plasma cells and released into the bloodstream Primary response Antibodies bind to antigens of infected cells and destroy the pathogen Buy in activating the antigen it causes clumping of antigens activating the completement Cascade and releasing chemicals to stimulate the immune system and enhance phagocytosis Memory B cells AKA B lymphocytes stored in the lymph nodes
Secondary response Memory cells allow to mount a faster response if exposed to a pathogen seen before improves with experience B and t cells must bind with an antigen displaying cell to be active
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T cells |
Helper T cells are responsible for Activation of B & T lymphocytes
Immunity is controlled largely by the positive feedback cycle In a patient with AIDS B cell count will eventually drop because of decreased helper T cells
Cytotoxic t cells Cells mediated immunity Responsible for deaths of pathogens or infected cells
Release cytotoxic called perforin which causes infected cells to develop holes in their membranes and die
Release other Cytokines what stimulate immunity especially attracting macrophage to the site of infection to dispose of cellular debris
Memory t cells Memory T-cells are responsible for secondary response Adaptive immunity improve with experience
Regulatory t cells Regulatory T cells switch off the immune system
May release Cytokines fat decreased immune and inflammatory response
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Disorders of immune system |
Immunodeficiency Immune systems are under active Examples are AIDS scid leukemia some forms of anemia chemotherapy people taking immunosuppressant drugs after organ transplants Autoimmune Body fails to recognize itself and destroys its own tissues as if they were foreign tissues Ex Rheumatoid arthritis Multiple sclerosis Lupus erythematosus Type 1 diabetes Myasthenia gravis Graves disease Addison disease Hypersensitivity aka allergies Immune system mounts a hyperactive response to a foreign antigen which are normally harmless antigens but the body treats it like an invading pathogen Ex Hay fever Asthma Hives Skin rashes Systematic hypersensitivity reactions Aka anaphylaxis Master cells and Basophils release immune stimulating chemicals throughout the body which caused widespread basal dilation which leads to low blood pressure and heart failure hives and Asthma may also accompany an anaphylactic reaction |