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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the lymphatic system?
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Lymph
Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tisues |
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What is the function of the lymph system?
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To return fluid to the circulatory system from the intercellular tissue spaces.
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What are lymphatic vessels?
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Thin walled tubes distributed throughout the body. Particularly numerous in dermis.
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What are lymphatic cappillaries?
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Network of microscopic lymph tubes. Have a lining of endothelium like blood capillaries. Are more permkeable and drain interstitial fluid.
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What is lymph?
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Interstitial fluid drained from lymph capillaries.
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What are lymphatic vessels?
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Larger holding vessels for lymph fluid.
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What is the thoracic duct?
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The largest lymphatic vessel of the body. Arises in abdominal cavity, between thorax and vertebrae.
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Where does the thoracic duct empty?
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Left subclavian vein, then jugular vein.
(Fluid goes back to cardiovascular system.) |
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Entire body below the diaphragm
Left half of the body above the diaphragm. |
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What is the right lymphatic duct?
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Large lymph vessel.
Drains the right side of body above the diaphragm. |
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Does the lymphatic system flow in more than one direction?
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No.
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What are lymph nodes?
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Masses of tissue enclosed in capsules.
Occur along pathway of the larger lymphatic velssels. Serve as filters for lymph. |
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What cells are found in lymph nodes?
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T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes |
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What are vessels entering the lymph nodes called?
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
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What are vessels leaving the lymph nodes?
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Efferent lymphatic vessels
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What supports the main cells of the lymph nodes, and B- and T-lymphocytes?
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Reticular fibers
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What are spaces within the lymph nodes called?
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Lymph sinuses. - Have relatively few cells.
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What is the central region of the lymph node, containing fewer lymphocytes?
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Medulla
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What do lymphatic vessels do?
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Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system.
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What do lymph nodes do?
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Monitor composition of lymph; site of cells that engulf pathogens; immune response
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What does the spleen do?
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Monitors circulating blood; site of cells that engulf pathogens; site of cells that regulate immune response.
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What does the thymus do?
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Controls the development and maintenance of T-lymphocytes.
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What do tonsils do?
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Aggregates of lymph node tissue located under the epithelial lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
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What are palatine tonsils?
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What we normally refer to as "tonsils." Located at the surface of the palatine bone.
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What are the pharyngeal tonsils
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At the roof of the pharynx, also called adenoids.
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What are the lingual tonsils?
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Found in the tongue.
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Where else are nodules of lymphoid tissue found?
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In the wall of the intestinal tract, particularly the ileum.
These are called Peyers Patches. |
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What is the function of the thymus?
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Divided into a number of lobules containing supportive cells and T-lymphocytes.
Produces thymocin, which mature T-lymphocytes. |
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What does the spleen do?
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It is a resevoir of lymphocytes for the body
Filters blood Macrophages in spleen eat broken red blood cells and send iron to liver. Storage depot for blood Contains B and T lymphocytes. |
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What is the hillus?
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The area where large blood vessels enter and leave the spleen.
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What supports the main cells of the lymph nodes, and B- and T-lymphocytes?
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Reticular fibers
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What are spaces within the lymph nodes called?
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Lymph sinuses. - Have relatively few cells.
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What is the central region of the lymph node, containing fewer lymphocytes?
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Medulla
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What do lymphatic vessels do?
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Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system.
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What do lymph nodes do?
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Monitor composition of lymph; site of cells that engulf pathogens; immune response
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What does the spleen do?
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Monitors circulating blood; site of cells that engulf pathogens; site of cells that regulate immune response.
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What does the thymus do?
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Controls the development and maintenance of T-lymphocytes.
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What do tonsils do?
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Aggregates of lymph node tissue located under the epithelial lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
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What are palatine tonsils?
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What we normally refer to as "tonsils." Located at the surface of the palatine bone.
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What are the pharyngeal tonsils
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At the roof of the pharynx, also called adenoids.
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What are the lingual tonsils?
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Found in the tongue.
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Where else are nodules of lymphoid tissue found?
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In the wall of the intestinal tract, particularly the ileum.
These are called Peyers Patches. |
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What is the function of the thymus?
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Divided into a number of lobules containing supportive cells and T-lymphocytes.
Produces thymocin, which mature T-lymphocytes. |
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What does the spleen do?
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It is a resevoir of lymphocytes for the body
Filters blood Macrophages in spleen eat broken red blood cells and send iron to liver. Storage depot for blood Contains B and T lymphocytes. |
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What is the hillus?
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The area where large blood vessels enter and leave the spleen.
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Antibody IgG
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Most associated with disease resistance.
Two long chains and two small chains of amino acids (polypeptides.) Has a hinge where chains diverge, depicted as a Y figure. One end of the molecule is specific for the antigen that elicited its production. Will interact with that antigen only. Immune system has capacity to produce a million different kinds of antibodies, one for each different possible antigen. Antibodies chemically combine with antigen to neutralize microorganism |
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Antibody IgM
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Also involved in resistance
Consists of 20 peptide chains. First antibody to appear in circulation after infection takes place. |
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Antibody IgA
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8 polypeptide chains.
Interacts with microorganisms at the body surface, and along the respiratory, gastrointestinal and other tracts open to the environment |
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Antibody IgD
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Receptor site on B-lymphocytes for stimulating activation.
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Antibody IgE
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Produced during allergic reactions.
Fixes itself to basophils and mast cells. Encourages release of histamine, seratonin, etc. Induce smooth muscle contractions, cause labored breathing, abdominal cramps, hives, etc. |
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The lymphatic system arises in the tissues and extends toward the
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Heart
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The lining of the lymphatic capillaries, like that of the blood capillaries, consists of
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Endothelium
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The largest lymphatic vessel of the body is the
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Thoracic duct
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The thoracic duct empties its contents into a vein known as the
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Subclavian vein
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The thoracic duct drains the left side of the head and chest and the entire body below the
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Diaphragm
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The valves of the lymphatic system operate in a manner similar to the valves of the
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Veins
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Lymph is filtered in masses of tissue known as
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Lymph nodes
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The two major types of cells in the lymph nodes are the T-lymphocytes and the
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B-lymphocytes
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Lymph vessels entering the lymph nodes are referred to as
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afferent lymphatic vessels
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Extensions of the lymph node capsule pass into the lymph node and separate it into smaller
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Lobules
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The main cells of the lymph nodes are supported by a series of
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Reticular fibers
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The cells of the lymph nodes are arranged densely within the outer portion of the lymph node called the
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Cortex
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At the center of the lymph node, the region is known as the
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Cortex
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In the process of immunity, the lymph nodes serve as the sites for production of
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immune cells
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In the neck tissues, the lymph nodes are known as
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Cervical lymph nodes
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Those lymph nodes located in the armpit are called
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Axillary lymph nodes
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Lymph nodes may be found in the popliteal fossa, which is located behind the
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Knee
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Aggregates of lymph node tissue located behind the epithelial lining of the oral cavity are called
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Tonsils
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One of the important tonsils is located at the surface of a bone known as the
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Palatine bone
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Primitive cells are modified to form T-lymphocytes in an organ called
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Thymus
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The thymus is located in the body cavity of the
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Thorax
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The thymus is relativity large during the development of the
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Fetus
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The spleen is located in the
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Abdominal cavity
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The area where large blood vessels enter and leave the spleen is known as the
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Hilus
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Blood entering the spleen does so by way of the
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Splenic artery
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The spleen is the organ in the body where destruction occurs in
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Red blood cells
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Lymph consists of fluid derived from
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Interstitial fluid
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Lymph sometimes has a milky consistency due to the presence of
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fata
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Lymph vessels lining the wall of the ileum and jejunum are known as
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Lacteals
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An accumulation of tissue fluid in the spaces between cells is called
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edema
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Development of the immune system begins about the third month after
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Conception
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B-lymphocytes are so named because they are formed in he embryonic chick in an organ called the bursa of
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Fabricus
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During formation, B-lymphocytes position on their cell membranes a number of receptor sites consisting of
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Antibodies
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Those substances capable of stimulating the immune system are known as
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Antigens
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Normally a person's own proteins and polysaccharides do not stimulate the immune system because they are interpreted as
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Self
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Antigens may enter the bloodstream when they penetrate the skim from a bite by an
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Anthropod
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The immune system reaches maturity several weeks after a person's
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birth
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To initiate the immune process, foreign organisms are engulfed by macrophages in the process of
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Phagocytosis
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The T-lymphocyte the participates in both major immune processes is the
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Helper T-lymphocytes
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The immune process in which a direct interaction between body cells and microorganisms takes place is the
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Cell-mediated immunity
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The lymph contains substances unable to pass into capillaries such as
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proteins
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The T-lymphocyte that exerts a direct interaction with infected body cells is the
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cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
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Substances secreted by T-lymphocytes that attract macrophages to an infection site are called
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lymphokines
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T-lymphocytes that prevent the immune process freom becoming overactive are called
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suppressor T-lymphocytes
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Antibodies are produced by cells derived from B-lymphocytes and known as
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plasma cells
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The macromolecule composing antibody molecules is
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Protein
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What are the 5 types of antibodies?
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IgA
IgE IgM IgD IgG |
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The reaction between the antibody molecule and the antigen molecule is said to be highly
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specific
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Because the polypeptide chains of the antibody molecule diverge, the molecule is often depicted in the shape of the leter
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Y
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