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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor
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Acid
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State of abnormally high hydrogen concentration in the extracellular fluid
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Acidosis
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The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action
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Activation Energy
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Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and chage.
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Active Site
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One of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP
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Adenine (A)
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State of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid
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Alkalosis
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The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acids in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord
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Alpha-helix
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Organic Compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein.
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Amino Acid
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Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water and capable of forming a weak base; a proton acceptor
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Ammonia (NH3)
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An ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore attracted to a positive pole
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Anion
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The protein portion of an enzyme.
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Apoenzyme
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Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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Atom
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The number of protons in an atom
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Atomic Number
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The one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element; usually the first two letter(s) of the element's name
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Atomic Symbol
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The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element
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Atomic Weight
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Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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The number of molecules in one mole of any substance; 6.02x10 to the 23rd
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Avagadro's Number
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A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
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Base
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Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions
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Buffer
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Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenl includes starches, sugars, and cellulose
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Carbohydrate
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Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product
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Catalyst
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An ion with a positive charge
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Cation
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A fibrous carbohydrate that is the main structural component of plant tissue
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Cellulose
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An energy relationship holding atms together; involves the interaction of electrons
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Chemical Bond
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Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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Chemical Energy
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A state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed
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Chemical Equilibrium
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Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down
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Chemical Reaction
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Nonprotein substance associated with and activating enzyme, typically a vitamin
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Coenzyme
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Metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity
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Cofactor
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(1) A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. (2) Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobunin protein.
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Colloid
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Chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.
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Combination (synthesis) reaction
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Refers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base.
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Complentary Base
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Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
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Compound
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Chemical bond created by eletron sharing between atoms
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Covalent bond
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Nitrogen-containing base that is a part of a nucleotide structure
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Cytosine (C)
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Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.
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Decomposition Reaction
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Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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A combination of two amino acids united by means of a peptide bond.
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Dipeptide
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Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
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Dipole (polar molecule)
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Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose
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Disaccharide
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Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and brooken; atoms become combined with different atoms.
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Displacement (Exchange) reaction
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A nucleic acid found in a all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information.
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DNA
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The secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA, held together throughout their length by H bonds between bases on opposite strands.
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Double helix
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Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom
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Electon shells (Energy shells)
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Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes
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Electrical Energy
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Negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom's nucleus
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Electron
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One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds; e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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Element
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Chemical reaction that absorbs energy, e.g., an anabolic reaction
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Endergonic reaction
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The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential) or in action (kinetic).
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Energy
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A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reaction
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Enzyme
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Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms.
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Exchange (displacement) reaction
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Chemical reaction that releases energy, e.g., a catabolic or oxidative reaction
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Exergonic Reaction
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Linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. Constituent of a fat.
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Fatty Acid
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A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats
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Glycerol
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Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide
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Glycogen
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One of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids
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Guanine (G)
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Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between electron-hungry atoms. An important intramolecular bond.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge (i.e. a proton)
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Hydrogen Ion (H+)
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Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.
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Hydrolysis
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An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water.
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Hydroxyl ion (OH-)
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Chemical substances that do not contain carbon including water, salts, and many acids and bases.
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Inorganic Compound
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Atom with a positive or negative charge
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Ion
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Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms
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Ionic bond
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One of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently
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Isomer
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Different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive.
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Isotopes
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Excess levels of ketone bodies in blood. Called ketoacidosis if blood pH is low
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Ketosis
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The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it in motion.
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Kinetic Energy
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Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenl examples are fats and cholesterol.
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Lipid
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Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits
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Macromolecules
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Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Mass Number
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The energy directly involved in moving matter, e.g., Bicycle riding
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Mechanical Energy
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A way ot express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution
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Molarity
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A _______ of any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum or atomc weights) measured in grams
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Mole
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Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
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Molecule
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Consist of fatty acid chains and glycerol; also called triglycerides or triacylglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid.
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Neutral Fats
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Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.
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Neutralization reation
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Uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus
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Neutron
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Electrically balanced molecules
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Nonpolar molecules
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Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA
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Nucleic Acid
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Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
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Nucleotide
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The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electons in their valence shell.
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Octet Rule (Rule of Eights)
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Pertaining to carbon containing molecules, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
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Organic
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Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron)bonds
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Organic Compound
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Process of substances combining with oxygen or the removal or hydrogen
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Oxidation
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A reaction that couples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of electrons) of another substance
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Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction
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Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule
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Peptide Bond
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The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
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pH Unit
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Modified lipid, contains phosphorus
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Phospholipid
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Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
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Polar Molecules
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A substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar (repeated) units.
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Polymer
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A chain of amino acids
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Polypeptide
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Literally, many sugars; a polmer of linked monosaccharides; starch, glycogen.
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Polysaccharide
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Stored or inactive energy
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Potential Energy
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Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass
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Protein
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Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus
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Proton
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A substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Commonly referred to as a base.
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Proton Acceptor
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A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid
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Proton Donor
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The process of spontaneous decay seen in some of the heavier isotopes, during which particles or energy is emitted from the atomic nucleus; results in the atom becoming more stable
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Radioactivity
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Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior
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Radioisotope
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A substance taking part in a chemical reaction
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Reactant
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Chemical reaction in which electrons and energy are gained by a molecule (often accompanied by gain of hydrogen ions) or oxygen is lost.
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Reduction
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Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
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RNA
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Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state.
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Sol-gel transformation
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The substance that is dissolved in a solution
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Solute
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Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen
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Steroids
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Consist of extended strandlike polypeptide structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable; e.g., collagen
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Structural (Fibrous) Proteins
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A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed.
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Substrate
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Heterogenous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.
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Suspension
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A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.
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Synthesis (Combination) reaction
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Single-ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA
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Thymine (T)
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Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats
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Triglycerides
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A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA
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Uracil (U)
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Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons
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Valence Shell
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