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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Suicide
Durkheim |
- Official statistics to categorise
- Social Integration and Moral regulation - 4 types of suicide; egotistic, fatalistic, altruistic, anomic. - Critic; sees suicide statistics as social facts and not social constructs, they are the truth as interpreted by people e.g. coroners |
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Suicide
Douglas |
- Interpretivist; cannot trust official statistics as they only represent the coroner’s opinion
- Qualitative method to produce case study - Focuses on meaning suicide has for the deceased - Critic; no reason to believe sociologists are better than coroners at interpreting meaning of death |
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Suicide
Atkinson |
- Only the person who committed the act knows the truth behind the suicide
- Pointless creating categories |
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Globalisation
Manuel Castells |
- Global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum.
- E.g. Sex tourism, Drugs trade, Cyber-crimes - Both supply (third-world) and demand side (rich West) |
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Globalisation
Ian Taylor |
- Change in pattern and extent of crime
- Market forces created greater inequality and rising crime. - Criminal opportunities on grand scale for elite groups - Deregulation = little state control over economy |
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Globalisation
Nigel South |
- 2 types of green crime; Primary and Secondary
- Primary: crimes resulting from direct destruction of earth's resources, e.g. deforestation - Secondary: grows out of ignoring rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters, e.g. state violence against oppositional groups |
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Globalisation
Hobbs and Dunningham |
- 'Glocal' organisation
- International links rooted in local context - Change in pattern of crime |
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Globalisation
Wall |
- Identifies four global cyber crimes; Cyber-trespass, Cyber-violence, Cyber-pornography, Cyber-deception and theft.
- Scale of internet makes policing difficult - Issues of jurisdiction due to globalised nature - Greater opportunity for surveillance & control by state from new ICT |
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Globalisation
Green Criminology |
- Crime = harm rather than criminal law
- Legal definitions can't provide consistent standard of harm over nations - Global perspective on environmental harm - Powerful define in own interests what counts as environmental harm |
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Globalisation
Traditional Criminology and Green Crime |
- Green crime isn't illegal in criminal law
- Look at national, international laws and regulations on the environment - Clearly defined subject matter - Critic; official definitions set by powerful groups serving own interests. |
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Globalisation
Schwendingers |
- Crime = violation of basic human rights
- States can be regarded as criminal for denying them - Sociologists role should be to protect human rights against state and its laws - Critic; limited agreement on what counts as basic human right |
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Globalisation
Stanley Cohen and State Crime |
- States conceal and legitimate human rights crime through spiral of denial
- States use techniques to justify human rights violation: denial of victim, injury, responsibility, appeal to higher authority, condemning condemners |
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Left-Realism
Lea and Young |
- Identify 3 causes of crime; Subculture, Relative deprivation, and marginalisation
- RD; resentment of others possessions - S; collective solution for issue of RD - M; lack clear goal and organisation |
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Left-Realism
Kinsey, Lea and Young |
- Policing rates are too low to act as real deterrent
- Police depend on public; 90% crimes known to police are reported by the public - Military policing = loss of public support & info |
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Right Realist/ Crime Prevention
Ron Clarke |
- Crime is a choice based on rational calculation
- Rewards vs Costs - Critic; fails to explain most violent crimes |
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Right Realist/ Crime Prevention
Wilson and Kelling |
- Broken windows theory
- Zero-tolerance policy - Critic; ZT leaves discrimination by police a large issue |
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Crime Prevention
Positive Victimology |
- Patterns in victimisation
- Victims contributing to own victimisation - Interpersonal crimes of violence |
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Crime Prevention
Michael Foucault |
- Prison control disciplinary power
- Panopticon design; Self-surveillance becomes self-discipline |
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Right Realist
Charles Murray |
- Crime increases due to growing underclass
- Failure to properly socialise children - Result of welfare dependency |
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Crime prevention
Critical Victimology |
- Conflict theories
- Structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty - State holds power to apply or deny label of victim |
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Neo-Marxism
Taylor et al |
- Crime as meaningful action and choice by the actor
- Crime often holds political motive; rebellion against capitalism - Combines elements of marxism and labelling theory in 'full social theory' of deviance - Critic; Left-realists argue it ignores w/c victims |
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Neo-Marxism/ Ethnicity
Hall et al |
- Use of black mugging as a scapegoat by the state to deviate attention from crisis of capitalism in 70's
- Create moral panic to maintain ruling class control |
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Neo-Marxism/ Ethnicity
Gilroy |
- Myth of black criminality created by racial stereotype
- Ethnic minority crime as political resistance against racist society - Critic; Lea & Young - First-generation immigrants in 50's law abiding - unlikely struggle inherited |
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Ethnicity
Waddington et al |
- Ethnic minorities were stopped and searched more because they were out on the street at the time
- Critic; only interviewed police |
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Ethnicity
Phillips and Bowling |
- Oppressive policing of ethnic minorities
- Mass stop and search, armed raids, police violence, and deaths in custody. - Creates resentment |
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Functionalist
Merton |
- Strain theory; American Dream
- Unable to reach goal of success through legitimate means, adopt illegitimate means in crime - Explains patterns to adapt in society; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion - Critic; doesn't explain violent crime, uses stats |
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Functionalist
Cloward and Ohlin |
- Subcultural theory
- Deviance stems in inability to meet 'money success' - 3 responses to status frustration; criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures - Critic; Ignore crime of wealthy, South (1997) found crime can fit more than one subculture |
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Functionalist
Albert Cohen |
- Subcultural theory; Status frustration
- Alternative status hierarchy; own illegitimate opportunity structure to win status from peers - Critic; Offers explanation of non-utilitarian crime, assumes w/c boys start off with m/c success goals |
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Functionalist
Durkheim |
- Crime is inevitable & performs positive functions for society; boundary maintenance, adaption and change
- Critic; no way of knowing 'right' amount of crime, ignores how crime affects individuals |
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Labelling
Chambliss |
- Saints and Roughnecks
- Both involved in acts of deviancy - Police took action against roughnecks deviance but not saints - Saints appeared polite, whilst Roughnecks appeared hostile and insolent |
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Labelling
Stanley Cohen |
- Media; Mods and Rockers/ Moral Panic
- Exaggeration and distortion - Symbolism of group - Critic; (McRobbie and Thornton) moral panic now routine and has less impact, Left-realists - people's fear of crime is rational |
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Labelling
Edwin Lemert |
- Primary and Secondary deviance
- PD = e.g. fare dodging don't see self as deviant - SD = Public label becomes master status e.g. thief - SD can cause self-fulfilling prophecy and so further deviance occurs - Critic; not always inevitable, free to not deviate |
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Labelling
Jock Young |
- Deviancy amplification of marijuana use in hippy culture.
- Retreated into closed groups with deviant subculture, where drug use becomes central completing self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Labelling
Braithwaite |
- Positive role of labelling in shaming
- Disintegrative shaming = offender labelled as bad - Reintegrative shaming = Bad act not Bad person - Crime lower in societies with reintegrative rather than disintegrative shaming for offenders - Critic; shows offender as victim, ignore real victim |
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Labelling
Cicourel |
- Study of police in California found police more likely to arrest people who fitted the picture of having – poor education, low-income, ethnic minority membership
- Found middle-class delinquents who were arrested tended to be counselled, cautioned and released by police officers |
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Labelling
Howard Becker |
- Deviant career
- Master label; once a label has been applied to someone, all actions are interpreted as the label - An act only becomes deviant when people view it as such |
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Gender
Carlen |
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Gender
Adler |
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Gender
Heidensohn |
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Gender
Messerschmidt |
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Gender
Chivalry Thesis |
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