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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABA*
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The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement of behavior
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Behaviorism*
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The philosophy of a science of behavior
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Determinism*
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The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly accidental fashion
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Empiricism*
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The objective observation of the phenomena of interest- independent of individual prejudices, tastes and private opinions of the scientist
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EAB*
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A natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by Skinner
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Experiment*
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A carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV) under 2 or more different conditions in which only 1 factor at a time (IV) differs from one condition to another
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Funcional Relation*
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Describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more controlled variables in the experiment- A change in one event can by produced by manipulating another event
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Mentalism*
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An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that the phenomena in this dimension either cause or mediate behavior
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Parsimony*
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The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations
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Philosophic Doubt*
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An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned
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Replication*
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Repeating an experiment or conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability and increase internal validity
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Science*
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A systematic approach to understanding of natural phenomena using description, prediction, and control
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Applied*
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Investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the subject
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Behavioral*
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entails precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement and documents that it was the subjects behavior that changed
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Analytic*
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demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and nonoccurrence of the behavior- a functional relation exists
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Conceptually Systematic*
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behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior
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Technological*
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the written description of all procedures used in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to REPLICATE it
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Effective*
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Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participant/client
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Generality*
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produces behavior changes that last over time, appear in other environments, or spread to other behaviors
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List the attitudes of science
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*Determinism
*Empiricism *Experimentation *Replication *Parsimony *Philosophic Doubt |
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List 4 domains of behavior analytic science and practice
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*Behaviorism
*EAB *ABA *Practice guided by behavior analysis ----see page 21 Cooper |
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7 Dimensions of ABA
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Applied
Behavioral Analytic Conceptually Systematic Technological Effective Generality |
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Explanatory Fiction
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A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain ex. "intelligence" "cognitive awareness"
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Methodological Behaviorism
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A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science
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Private events
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The term skinner used for things such as thoughts and feelings
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Radical Behaviorism
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A form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior including private events, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and the species
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Automaticity of Reinforcement*
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Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the persons awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between behavior and a reinforcing consequence for the reinforcement to work
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Aversive stimulus*
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An unpleasant stimulus
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Behavior*
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An organisms interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment
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Conditioned Punisher*
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A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers
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Unconditioned Punisher*
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A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus
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Conditioned Reinforcer*
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A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers
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Unconditioned Reinforcer*
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A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus
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Neutral Stimulus*
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A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior
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Conditioned Stimulus*
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The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus or another CS
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Unconditioned Stimulus*
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A stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning- reflex
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Deprivation*
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The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer
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Discriminated Operant*
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An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others (SD)
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Discriminative Stimulus*
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(SD) a stimulus in the presence of which responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced
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Extinction*
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The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior- responses no longer produce reinforcement
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Habituation*
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A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus- a stimulus is elicited over and over again until a response no longer occurs
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History of Reinforcement*
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refers to all of a persons learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning
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Motivating Operation*
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An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of a stimulus and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus
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Negative Reinforcement*
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Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions
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Positive Reinforcement*
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Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions
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Operant Behavior*
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Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment
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Operant Conditioning*
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The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future
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Positive Punishment*
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A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior
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Negative Punishment*
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A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions
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Reflex*
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A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits
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Reinforcer*
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A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
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Respondent Conditioning*
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A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a NS is presented with an US until the NS becomes a conditioned stimuli that elicits the conditioned response
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Respondent Extinction*
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The repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of the US; The CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the CR until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individuals repertoire
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Response*
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A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior- an action of an organisms effector
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Response Class*
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A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment
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Satiation*
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A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer
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Stimulus Class*
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A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal temporal or functional dimensions
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Stimulus Control*
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A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
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Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing*
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A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus
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Antecedent
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An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest
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Behavior Change Tactic
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A method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (ex. DRO)
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Conditioned Reflex
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A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits
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Conditioned Stimulus
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The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an US or another CS
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Consequence
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A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest
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Contingency
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Refers to dependent and or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables
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Contingent
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Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred
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Environment
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The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organisms or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment
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Ontogeny
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the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime
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Phylogeny
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The history of the natural evolution of a species
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Principle of Behavior
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an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation
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Repertoire
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All of the behaviors a person can do
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Respondent Behavior
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The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited or induced by antecedent stimuli
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Selection by Consequence
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A principle of operant conditioning- all forms of behavior are selected shaped and maintained by their consequences
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Three-Term Contingency
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the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior- the temporal relations among an antecedent stimulus behavior and consequence
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