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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define psychological disorder
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-Psychological dysfunction associated with distress
-impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response. |
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Define atypical or not culturally expected?
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Behavioral, emotional, or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment in functioning.
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What is the science of psychopathology?
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The scientific study of psychological disorders.
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In what ways does a mental health professional function as a scientist-practitioner?
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-Consumer of Science:Enhancing the practice
Evaluator of Science: Determining the effectiveness of the practice Creator of Science:Conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice |
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Presenting Problem:
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complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem
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Prevalence:
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Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
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Incidence:
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new cases of a disorder in a specific time period
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Course:
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Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
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Prognosis:
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Predicted future development of a disorder over time.
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What is the difference between chronic and episodic courses? What disorders might fit into each?
Chronic Course: |
Tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime
Ex: Schizophrenia, alcoholism |
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What is the difference between chronic and episodic courses? What disorders might fit into each?
Episodic Course: |
Pattern of a disorder alternating between recovery and recurrence
Ex: Mood Dissorders, Depression |
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Read and be acquainted with the case study of Charles VI: The Mad King (page 9)
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FREEBIE: In keeping with the accepted method of treatment, moved to the country side in order to
Restore the balance of humors C |
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Who was John Grey (briefly)?
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Champion of the biological tradition in the US
Most influential psychiatrist at the time Believed insanity was always due to physical causes, therefore the mentally ill should be treated as physically ill. Rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation |
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When were the first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders created?
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1927-insulin shock therapy
During the 1950’s |
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What is moral therapy?
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19th-century psychosocial approach to treatment that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.
People 1st, abnormal behavior 2nd |
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What is the mental hygiene movement and with whom is it most often associated?
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Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment headed by Dorethea Dix.
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Id:
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“The animal within us”.
The energy or drive of the id is the libido….in contrast to the thantos Operates on the pleasure principle Operates under the Primary Process, which is a type of thinking that is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantisies, preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy |
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Ego:
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The mediator between our Id and Superego. Ensures that we act realistically
Operates on the Reality Principle Secondary process: logical and rational |
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Superego:
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Conscience
Operates under the Moral Principles Instilled by parents and culture |
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What are defense mechanisms?
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Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.
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Denial:
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Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
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Displacement:
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Defense mechanism in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute.
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Projection:
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Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object
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Rationalization:
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Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations
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Reaction Formation:
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Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are direct opposite of unacceptable ones
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Repression:
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Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscience awareness
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Sublimation:
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Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
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Who was Carl Rogers and what concepts were tied to his humanistic theories?
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(1902-1987)
Originated client-centered therapy (person-centered therapy) Therapist takes a passive role making as few interpretations as possible Unconditional Positive Regard Complete and almost unqualified regard and acceptance of a clients feelings and actions Empathy Sympathetic understanding of an individual’s particular views |
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Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?
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John B. Watson
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Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)
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Pioneering psychiatrist from South Africa
Founder of systematic desensitization to help his clients with phobias Used Behavioral Therapy |
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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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Operant Conditioning: behavior changes as a result of what happens after the behavior
Reinforcement, shaping |
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What is the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology? What plays an influence?
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Approach to the study of psychopathology which holds that psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors.
Biological Dimensions: causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience Psychological dimensions: causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes Emotional Influences Social influences Interpersonal Influences Developmental Influences |
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What are genes?
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Long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, the basic physical units of heredity that appear as locations on chromosomes.
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Define polygenic
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Influenced by many genes, each contributing a tiny effect.
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What is quantitative genetics?
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Basically sums up all the tiny effects across many genes, using procedures called quantitative genetics.
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What is the diathesis-stress model and how does it work?
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INHERITED TENDENCY+STRESS=DISSORDER
Hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder. A model that takes a multidimensional approach Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. Each inherited tendency is a diathesis, which means, literally, a condition that makes one susceptible to developing a disorder. |
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What is the reciprocal Gene-Environment Model and how does it work?
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PREDISPOSITION+TENDANCY TO CREATE RISK FACTORS=DISSORDER
Hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder. Ex: people with a genetic vulnerability to develop a certain disorder, such as blood-injury-injection phobia, may also have a personality trait—lets say impulsiveness—that makes them more likely to be involved in minor accidents that would result in their seeing blood |
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What makes up the central nervous system?
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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What is the limbic system? What does it include in the way of control or regulation?
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Part of the forebrain
involved in emotion ability to learn control impulses regulation of drives: sex hunger thirst aggression |
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What does the peripheral nervous system do? What is it made up of?
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Neural networks outside the brain and spinal cord, including the somatic nervous system, which controls muscle movement, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates cardiovascular, endocrine, digestion, and regulation functions.
Autonomic includes sympathetic and parasympathetic If scared and running away is sympathetic If you are calming down, parasympathetic |
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What does the hindbrain do?
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Lowest part of the brain stem; regulates many automatic bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.
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Agonists:
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Chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a
neurotransmitter by imitating its effects. |
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Antagonists:
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In neuroscience, a chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter.
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Inverse Agonists:
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Chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter
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10 questionsonmatching, will be on neurotransmitters
Know what they do, and what they are associated with Pg. 47-48 Ex. Saratonin is correlated with depression if dissregulated, then depression occurs |
dont forget!
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What is serotonin? What does the serotonin system regulate? What happens with extremely low activity levels of serotonin? Low serotonin activity has been associated with what? What drugs affect the serotonin system?
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Neurotransmitter involved in processing information and coordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia and Parkinsons.
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What is GABA (you don’t need to remember its full name)? What does it do? What does it inhibit primarily? What class of drugs makes it easier for the molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of some neurons? What disorder does GABA play a large effect? Is it specific to that disorder?
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Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety.
Dissorders: anxiety |
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What is norephinephrine? What system is it a part of? What two groups of receptors does it stimulate? How are beta blockers related? Where are the primarily located?
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Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous systems controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. Because of its role in the body's alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders.
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What is dopamine? In what disorders has it been implicated? What kinds of behaviors are dopamine receptors associated with? How does L-Dopa relate?
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Neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors (thus balancing serotonin). A relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia (though contradictory evidence suggests the connection is not simple) and its deficit is involved in Parkinson's disease.
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Define learned helplessness
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Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether in reality they do or not).
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Whose name is linked to modeling? And what is modeling or observational learning?
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Albert Bandura
Modeling (or observational learning): Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and the consequences of that behavior. |
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Define prepared learning
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Certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution.
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Define emotion and its three important and overlapping components
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Emotion: an action tendancy
Cognitive:appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you physiology: Brain function involving the more primitive parts of the brain behavior: basic patterns (freeze, escape, approach, attack) that differ in fundamental ways. ON TEST |
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What impact can culture have on psychopathology?
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Phobias,women have greater likelyhood
Gender and culture Bulimia and anorexia are common to woman In other cultures this isn’t an issue |
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What disorders have shown to have a strong influence of culture and gender? In what disorder is this most clearly evident?
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look up
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What does the research on socialization and health say?
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look up
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Because of psychological stigma, what are people with disorders likely to do?
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look up
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Define and explain the principle of equifinity
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look up
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Define clinical assessment
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Systematic evaluation measurement of:
psychological biological social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder. -Understand -Predict behavior -Plan treatment -Evaluate treatment outcome |
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What are the three basic concepts on which the value of assessment depends? Define each.
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Reliability
Consistency Validity Does it do what it is supposed to? Standardization and Norms Consistent technical use Population benchmarks for comparison Intelligence testing Made up by educated white males Designed for white males of similar education Used on a variety of people If you use a test make sure it fits the population its being administered to Pg.71 |
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What is the mental status exam? What 5 components make it up?
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Mental Status Exam is a relatively coarse preliminary test of a client’s judgment, orientation to time and place, and emotional and mental state; typically conducted during an initial interview.
Mental Status Exam 1.Appearance & behavior 2.Thought processes 3.Mood and affect 4.Intellectual functioning 5.Sensorium |
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Mood:
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A pervasive and sustained emotion that, in the extreme, markedly colors the person’s perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety.
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Affect
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- A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Common examples of affect are euphoria, anger, and sadness.
---- Affect is variable over time, in response to changing emotional states, whereas mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotion. Mood is more of a trait, Affect is more of a state. |
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What does the phrase “oriented times three” mean?
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Patient is aware of, or oriented to, his or her identity, location, and time (person, place, and time)
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What is a behavioral assessment?
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Behavioral Assessment-
Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client’s thoughts, feelings and behavior in the actual problem situation or context. Focus on here and now Direct and minimally inferential Target behaviors are identified and observed |
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What are the ABCs of Observation?
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The ABCs (antecedents, behaviors, and consequences)
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What is projective testing? What tests fall under this category?
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Project personality aspects onto ambiguous stimuli
Rooted in psychoanalytic tradition High degree of inference in scoring and interpretation Two best examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test Mixed results regarding reliability and validity |
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What is a personality inventory? What tests fall under this category? What is the MMPI
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Self report questionnaires that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to them.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-A) 567 true or false items Extensive reliability, validity, and normative database MMPI is the empirically derived standardized personality test that provides scales for assessing such abnormal functioning as depression and paranoia. One of the most widely used and heavily researched assessment instruments. |
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What is intelligence testing? What tests fall under this category?
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Nature of intellectual functioning and IQ
The deviation IQ Verbal and performance domains Developed to predict who would do well in school. IQ test, deviation IQ test, Stanford-binet test, Wechsler test, WAIS III, WISC III, WPPSI-R. |
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What is neuropsychological testing? What tests fall under this category?
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Assess a broad range of skills and abilities
Goal is to understand brain-behavior relations Evaluates personal assets and deficits Overlap with intelligence tests –Measures areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guessed about the person’s performance and the possible existence of brain impairment. –tests, Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery test, and Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery |
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Neuroimaging: Will not be on your exam, but is incorporated in disorders.
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Looking inside the brain and take increasingly accurate pictures of its structure and function.
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classification
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Assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics
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Taxonomy
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System of naming and classification in science.
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Nosology
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classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena
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What is the classical (pure) categorical approach?
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Classical categorical approach – Categories
have to have the categories fits into diagnosis |
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What is the dimensional approach?
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Dimensional approach – Classification
along dimensions spectrum scales, level of functioning |
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What is the prototypical approach? (this answer might not be sufficient)
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Prototypical approach – Both classical and dimensional
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Define and differentiate reliability and validity
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Reliability-degree to which a measurement is consistent, for example, over time or among different raters.
Validity-degree to which a technique actually measures what it purports to measure. |
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How many Axes are there on the DSM-IV? What is the purpose of each?
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5
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Axis I
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Most major disorders
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Axis II
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Stable, enduring problems (e.g., Personality Dissorders, Mental Retardation)
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Axis III
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Medical conditions related to abnormal behavior
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial problems
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Axis V
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global clinician rating of adaptive functioning
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What are some of the problems with the DSM-IV?What Are the Optimal Thresholds for Diagnosis?
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Examples: level or distress, impairment, number of required symptoms
Arbitrary Time Periods in the Definitions of Diagnoses Should Other Axes Be Included? Examples: premorbid history, treatment response, family functioning Is the DSM-IV System Optimal for Treatment or Research? Problem of Comorbidity Defined as two or more disorders for the same person High comorbidity is the rule clinically Comorbidity threatens the validity of separate diagnoses |
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Why is it dangerous to label? What are potential dangers of assigning a diagnostic label?
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Problem of reification-( Translating a complex set of phenomena into a single entity such as a number. IQ test scores are an example.)
Problem of stigmatization-( To single a person out as someone to be ashamed of) |
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By what is the dimensional approach characterized?(double check)
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Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than a binary, either-or, or all-or none basis.
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Glossary of Terms for Mental Disorders
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There are 20 questions from the glossary. Know how to differentiate between disorders.
I am not trying to trick you on these questions, just trying to help you differentiate between them. |
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TEST HELPS
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Know id EGO and SUPEREGO
-DIATHESIS STRESS MODEL and RECIPRICOL GENE MODEL DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TWO WHY IS IT DANGEROUS TO LABEL STIGMAS KNOW GLOSSARY OF TERMS GO THROUGH AND FIND ONE PHRASE TO SUMMARIZE EACH DELLUSION OF GRANDIOSITY IS A DIOGNOSTIC TERM GRANDIOSITY-NOT AS SEVERE, NOT DIAGNOSED POVERTY OF SPEECH VS. POVERTY OF SPEECH CONTENT FLIGHT OF IDEAS VS. PRESSURE OF SPEECH KNOW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HALLUCINATION AND DELLUSION ONE QUESTION ON TESTS |
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What is Seratonin?
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Neurotransmitter involved in processing information and coordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint;
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What does Serotonin Regulate?
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eating
sexual aggressive behaviors |
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What happens with low levels of Serotonin?
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less inhibition
instability impulsivity overreact to situations Aggression suicide impulsive overeating excessive sex |
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What drugs effect Serotonin?
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SSRIs
Tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine (brand name Tofranil) Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors: SSRIs (Prozac) Used to treat anxiety, mood, eating disorders (fen/phen) |
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What has serotonin been implicated in?
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Interaction with Dopamine is implicated in Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s.
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What is GABA and what does it do?
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Neurotransmitter that Reduces Postsynaptic Activity, or activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions,
Reduces Anxiety, and tempers emotional responses |
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What class of drugs makes it easier for the molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of some neurons?
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Benzodizepines (mild tranquilizers) make it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of specialized neurons. Higher the level of benzodianzepines, the more GABA that becomes attached to neurotransmitters and the calmer we become. Relax muscles and reduces spasams
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What disorder does GABA play a large effect?
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Anxiety
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What is norephinephrine?
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Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous systems controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions.
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What system is norepinephrine a part of?
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Endocrine System
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What two groups of receptors does GABA stimulate?
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1.alpha-adrenergic 2.beta-andrenergic receptors
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How are beta blockers related to norephinepnrine?
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Beta Blockers block the beta-receptors so their response to a surge of norepinephrine is reduced.
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Where are norepinephrine receptors the primarily located?
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Central Nervous System: one major circuit begins in the hindbrain
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What disorders can norepinephrine be implicated in?
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Because of its role in the body's alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders but not directly involved.
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What is dopamine?
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Neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters
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What does dopamine balance?
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Seratonin
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In what disorders has it been implicated?
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A relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia (though contradictory evidence suggests the connection is not simple) and its deficit is involved in Parkinson's disease.
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What kinds of behaviors are dopamine receptors associated with?
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Exploratory and Pleasure Seeking
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How does L-Dopa relate to dopamine?
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L-Dopa is a dopamine agonist, thus increasing levels of dopamine. Since Dopamine switches on the locomotor system, L-dopa has been successful in reducing some of the effects of Parkinson's such as tremors, rigidity in muscles, and difficulty with judgment.
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Because of psychological stigma, what are people with disorders likely to do?
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Not seek health-insurance reimbursement for fear that a coworker might find out.
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Define and explain the principle of equifinity
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Used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.
Ex: a delusional syndrome may be an aspect of shcizophrenia, but it can also arise from amphetamine abuse. |
