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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which factors are released by platelets in the inflammatory phase?
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Platelet derived growth factor PDGF and TGF-beta
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which gene codes for PDGF?
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Sis oncogene, overexpressed in certain cancers
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what are the effects of TGF-beta?
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Chemotaxis and activation of PMN's, macrophages, and fibroblasts, as well as angiogenesis and epithelialization
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what can result from overproduction of TGF-beta?
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Fibrosis, hypertrophic scars, keloids
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what gene codes for the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR?
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Erb B (also known as Her2 and Neu) oncogene, overexpressed in certain cancers and carries a worse prognosis and cancers when it is overexpressed this receptor is blocked by the medication Herceptin (trastuzumab)
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what gene codes for platelet derived growth factor?
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Sis oncogene
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what is unique about platelet activating factor?
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Unlike other factors platelet activating factor is not stored in cells but rather cleaves off the cell membrane by phospholipase
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what is the precursor to nitrous oxide?
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arginine
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which main enzyme is involved in nitrous oxide synthesis?
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Nitrous oxide synthase
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what is nitrous oxide biochemical effect on the cell?
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activation of guanylate cyclase, causing increased cyclic GMP and subsequently calcium sequestration, smooth muscle relaxation
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what is the other name for nitrous oxide?
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Endothelium derived relaxing factor, EDRF
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what does endothelin cause?
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vascular smooth muscle constriction
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what are the two main cytokines in injuries and infections?
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IL-1 and TNF alpha
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what cell predominantly releases IL-1 and TNF alpha?
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Macrophages
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which cytokine is responsible for fever?
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IL-1, by promoting PGE2 release, which raises the thermal setpoint in the hypothalamus
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what is the pathophysiology of fever in atelectasis?
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Secretion of IL-1 by alveolar macrophages
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which cytokine is responsible for cachexia?
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TNF alpha
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which cytokine is the most potent stimulus for hepatic acute phase protein release?
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IL-6
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wish to hepatic proteins are decreased in the acute phase response?
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Albumin and transferrin
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which sells predominantly release interferons?
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Lymphocytes
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what are the anti-inflammatory cytokines?
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IL-4, 10, 13
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what activates the classic component pathway?
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antibody antigen complexes, IgG and IgM only, which is why they are called opsonins
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which factors are only found in the classic complement pathway?
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C1, C2, and C4
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what activates the alternate complement pathway?
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bacterial endotoxins
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which factors are only found in the alternate complement pathway?
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factors B, D, and Properdin
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which factor marks the convergence point of both classic and alternative complement pathways?
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C3
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which complement factors are chemotactic and anaphylatoxins?
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C3 and C5
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which complement factor initiates the membrane attack complex?
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C5
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which complement factors make up the membrane attack complex?
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C5 through C9
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which electrolyte is required in the complement pathways?
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Magnesium
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ASA inhibits which enzyme?
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Cyclooxygenase
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all prostaglandins cause vasodilation except?
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PGF2
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steroids inhibit which enzyme?
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Phospholipase, which converts phospholipids to arachidonic acid
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which of the slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis?
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leukotrienes, LTC, LTD, and LTE
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which platelet granules contain adenosine, serotonin, and calcium?
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Dense granules
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which platelet granules contain lately derived growth factor PDGF and TGF-beta?
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Alpha granules
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when do catecholamines peak after injury?
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24 to 48 hours
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what role does thyroid hormone play in tissue injury?
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none
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what role do CXC chemokines play?
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chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and wound healing
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what does NADPH oxidase do?
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produce oxygen radicals from 02
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in which disease is NADPH oxidase absent?
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Chronic granulomatous disease, resulting in an inability of phagocytes to kill ingested pathogens
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what does super oxide dismutase do?
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Produce hydrogen peroxide from oxygen radicals
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what does myeloperoxidase do?
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produce hypochlorous acid HOCl from H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
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which enzyme reduces H2O2?
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Catalase reduces hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
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with regards to cell adhesion, rolling is mediated by which leukocyte and endothelium receptors?
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Rolling is mediated by the binding of L-selectins on leukocytes to E-selectins on endothelium
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with regards to cell adhesion, anchoring and diapedesis is mediated by which leukocyte and endothelium receptors?
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Anchoring and diapedesis is mediated by the binding of integrins on leukocytes to ICAM on the endothelium
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