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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is positive aging?
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Achieve heightened levels of personal expression and happiness in the <b>3rd and 4th</b> part of the life.
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What is successful aging?
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Physical, mental, and social well-being in older age.
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What is ageism?
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Ideas & beliefs associated with discriminatory attitudes directed toward older adults.
LOW EXPECTATIONS about their cognitive capabilities, NEGATIVE BELIEFS about their social and personal capabilities |
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What is new ageism?
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an over solicitation toward older adults (ex. Important life-changing decisions should be made without consulting them).
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What are four principles of adult development and aging?
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<b>CHANGES ARE CONTINUOUS OVER THE LIFE SPAN</b>
Individuals remain the “same” even though they change <b>ONLY THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD</b> Aging individuals are increasingly self-selected <b>INDIVIDUALITY MATTERS</b> People vary within and between age groups <b>“NORMAL” AGING IS DIFFERENT FROM DISEASE</b> Intrinsic aging processes are different from those associated with illness |
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What is geriatry?
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a branch of medicine specializing in the<b>medical care and treatment</b> of the diseases and health problems of older adults.
It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. |
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What is gerontology?
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.. is the <b>study</b> of the biological, psychological, behavioral, and social phenomena from the point of maturity to old age.
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What is chronological age?
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The age measured in units of time that have elapsed since birth.
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What is biological age?
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..has to do with where people stand relative to the number of years that they will live, or the body’s organ systems functionality and physical appearance.
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What is functional age?
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..has to do with a person’s competence in carrying out specific tasks (functional capabilities can vary within the same individual).
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What is psychological age?
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..refers to how well a person uses cognitive, personal, or social skills to adjust to new circumstances or attempt new activities or experiences (adaptability). It can also be considered in terms of cognitive performance (memory, learning ability, etc..)
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What is social age?
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..is the person’s age based on occupying certain social roles. Social age takes into account the person’s family, work, and role within the community. Each society has its own expectation about roles to play and goals to attain in young, middle, and older adulthood.
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What are the categories of adulthood and older adulthood?
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18 + ADULTHOOD
18-29 YOUNG ADULTHOOD 30-39 THIRTIES 40-64 MIDDLE AGE 65 + OLDER ALDULTHOOD 65-74 YOUNG-OLD 75-84 OLD-OLD 85+ OLDEST-OLD 100-109 CENTENARIANS 110+ SUPERCENTENARIANS |
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What are theoretical models?
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Allow us to make sense of what might otherwise be an overwhelming mass of information.
Guide further study by giving a platform for questions that are important to investigate. |
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What is the selective optimization with compensation model of aging?
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Focus on the strategies aging individual can use
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What are the BALTES & BLATES (1990) ASSUMPTIONS about selective optimization with compensation model of aging?
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INDIVIDUALS ENGAGE IN <b>ADAPTATION</b> THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES.
THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE BOTH GAIN AND LOSSES. AS ADULTHOOD IS APPROACHED, THE LOSSES MAY OUTNUMBER THE GAINS. |
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What are strategies to maximize the chances of successful aging?
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<B>SELECTION</b>: is a strategy of concentrating efforts on domains in which effective functioning is most likely to remain high. These domains can vary depending on the individual.
<B>OPTIMIZATION</b>: is a strategy of focusing on behaviors that maximize not only the quantity but also the quality of life. <B>COMPENSATION</b>: refers to substituting new strategies when losses occur. |
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What is the ecological model of aging?
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THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A PERSON AND HIS OR HER ENVIRONMENT RESULTS IN SOME LEVEL OF ADAPTATION.
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What is positive outcome?
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A PERSON LEVEL OF COMPETENCE MUST BE APPROPRIATELY MATCHED WITH THE PRESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WICH HE OR SHE MUST FUNCTION.
WITH THIS MODEL THE OLDER ADULT IS CONSIDERED CAPABLE OF INITIATING INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT. |
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What is the Multidisciplinary Perspective BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES?
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CULTURAL - History / Statistics / Positive Aging
BIO - Biological Aging and Physical change / Well-Being and Health Care / Prevention / Genetics - PSYCHO - Intellectual and Cognitive functioning / Emotions / Memory / Personality / Coping and Adjustment / Psychopathology SOCIAL - Work / Leisure / Living Arrangements / Relationships / Retirement / Death & Dying |
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What is demography?
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is the scientific study of population that focuses on broad groups within specific population or sometimes across different populations.
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What do demographers do?
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study past and present population trends and characteristics:
SIZE, GROWTH, MIGRATION, AGE, GENDER, MARITAL STATUS, LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, HEALTH, EDUCATION LEVEL, ECONOMIC STATUS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, etc.. |
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Who are the first wave of baby boomers?
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The first wave of baby boomer celebrated their 60th birthday in 2006, and they will enter the 65+ age category in 2011.
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What are three common measures of population aging?
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<b>Percentage Aged 65 and Over</b>: 13.0 percent of the Canadian population.
(by rule of thumb, a population in which at least 10 percent of the population is aged 65 and over is deemed to be old) <b>Median Age of the Population</b>: 37.6 years in 2001 (United Nation, 2001) (Usually, demographers consider a population with a median age of 30 to be “old”) <B>Dependency Ratios</b>: these ratios attempt to measure the relative proportion of persons of “dependent” ages within a population. The dependency ratios contain a problematic assumption regarding older people: that they are all economically dependent in the same way. Using the “working ages” of 15 to 64 ratio; in Canada in 2000 this ratio was 462 persons for every 1000 persons in the non-dependent ages. |
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What is apocalyptic demography or voodoo demography?
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Is an <b>oversimplification of the notion that a demographic trend</b> (in this case the population aging) <B>has catastrophic consequences for a society</b> (Gee, 2000).
The complexity of aging is reduced to a one-sided negative view that our society cannot afford increasing numbers and percentages of older people Apocalyptic demography is <b>prominently seen in the media</b> today, especially in discussions of medicare and the health-care system. |
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What are the 5 themes of apocalyptic demography?
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<b>Aging is a social problem. </b>Rather than celebrating the control over unwanted births and early death that population aging represents, it is viewed as negative, as a problem that needs fixing.
<b>The homogenization of older people</b>. All older people are seen as the same. In particular, they stereotyped as well off, e.g. as rich golfers and cruise-ship travelers, as “greedy geezers”. <b>Age-blaming</b>. The elderly are blamed for overusing social programs and consequently for government debt/deficits. <b>Intergenerational injustice</b>. Older people are seen as getting more than their fair share of societal resources, and this inequity id predicted to lead to severe intergenerational conflict. <b>The intertwining of population aging and social policy</b>. For example, social policy reform is guided by the idea that deep cuts have to be made to accommodate the increasing numbers and percentages of elderly in our population. |
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Most older persons have at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. True or False
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True
. In 2006-2008, the most frequently occurring conditions among older persons were: hypertension (38%), diagnosed arthritis (50%), all types of heart disease (32%), any cancer (22%), diabetes (18%), and sinusitis (14%). |
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What is the sandwich generation?
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middle-aged who care for both children and older parents
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What will be important for the aging in the future?
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ADVANCE PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING WILL BE IMPORTANT FOR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS. THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT WILL DETERMINATE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE OLD-OLDEST ADULT.
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What is positive aging?
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Achieve heightened levels of personal expression & happiness in the 3rd and 4th part of the life EVEN WHEN THERE ARE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIMITATION.
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What is successful aging?
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Successful aging is multi-dimensional, encompas-sing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities.
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What is NORMATIVE AGE-GRANDED INFLUENCE?
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<b>Biological or environmental events and occurrences that are associated with chronological age.</b> These influences can also be specific to the society in which people live and affect almost all people in that society (e.g.<B> schooling from age 5 to 18, or retirement in the 60s</b>)
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What is NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRANDED INFLUENCE?
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These influences can result from <b>an event</b>, or they can represent a more <b>gradual evolution of societal structure</b>. (e.g. epidemics, wars, state of the economy).
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What is NONNORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS?
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These influences do not affect all or even most members of society and aren’t necessarily associated with chronological age/historical time (e.g. win the lottery, being diagnosed with a rare illness).
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What is metamodel?
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PARTICULAR VIEWPOINT ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE IN GENERAL AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOMENA IN PARTICULAR.
THESE METAMODELS GUIDE RESEARCHER’S BELIEFS ABOUT WHICH ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT ARE WORTHY OF STUDY. |
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What is the mechanistic metamodel?
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EMPHATIZES NURTURE (Environment)
PASSIVE ORGANISM QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES (+ or -) FRAGMENTATION (whole phenomena as EQUAL to the sum of its parts). DEVELOPMENT HAS NO ENDPOINT |
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What is the organismic metamodel?
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EMPHATIZES NATURE (Genes)
ACTIVE ORGANISM QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES (what’s the difference?) The whole phenomena is GREATER than the sum of its parts. DEVELOPMENT HAS A GOAL, IS COMPLEX, AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING. |
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What is the contextual metamodel?
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EMPHATIZES NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION -<B> takes everything into context</b>
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES (everyday world interest, concern with variables such as years of education, etc) The whole phenomena cannot be broken down into simple parts. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT, ARE COMPLEX, AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING. |
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What is the lifespan developmental perspective (metamodel)?
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EACH INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPS IN HIS OR HER OWN WAY AND THE <b>DEVELOPMENT OCCUR OVER THE ENTIRE LIFE SPAN.</b>
EMPHASIZES NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION, DYNAMICALLY CHANGING, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT. <B>DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES INCLUDES BOTH GAIN & LOSSES </b>AND ARE MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTIDIRECTIONAL, AND MULTICAUSAL The whole phenomena need to be study from different disciplines in the same time. DEVELOPMENT IS PLASTIC. |
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What are variables?
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CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC (Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Socio- economic status, Level of Educ.) ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACT OBSERVED BEHAVIORS TEST PERFORMANCE RESPONSE QUESTIONNAIRES ETC.. ETC.. ETC. |
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What are factors?
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CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
COHORT (generation) TIME OF MEASUREMENT (people change / methods available for studying change). |
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What are the 3 types of research designs?
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1. cross-sectional & longitudinal
2. time-lag 3. sequential |
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What is cross-sectional design?
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Research participants are members of two or more age groups (e.g., young and older) and studied at same time.
The most common design used Measures age-related DIFFERENCE Cannot disentangle factors of age and cohort |
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What is longitudinal design?
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Research participants from one cohort are followed over time and tested or interviewed on two or more occasions
A possible time effect is SELECTIVE ATTRITION or drop-out. Measures age-related CHANGE Cannot disentangle factors of age and time of measurement |
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What is time-lag design?
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Research participants are all the same chronological age (not strictly speaking a developmental design) and are tested in two different times.
Cannot disentangle factors of cohort and time of measurement |
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What is sequential design?
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Three designs attempt to disentangle all three factors
(age, cohort, time of measurement) Cohort-sequential & Time-sequential & Cross-sequential |
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What is reliability?
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(Is the measure dependable, consistent?)
Is the dependability, or consistency, of the instrument used to measure variables of interest. The reliability of an instrument must be established for all age groups regardless of whether a research study is cross-sectional or longitudinal. |
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What is validity?
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(Are we measuring what we think we are measuring?)
<b>Internal Validity</b>—can we accurately identify the factor(s) responsible for an outcome? <b>External Validity</b>—do findings from one participant sample generalize to another sample from the same population? <b>Ecological Validity</b>-do our tests measure real-world functioning? |
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What is sampling?
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Recruit sample of research participants from the population of interest
Ideal if sample is randomly selected Samples should be representative of their respective populations Sampling can affect both internal and external validity of a study |
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What are approaches to conducting aging research?
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Experimental
Quasi-Experimental Descriptive |
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What is the experimental approach?
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Variables are independent or dependent
Researcher manipulates levels of a categorical independent variable (or factor) Research participants are randomly assigned to levels of the manipulated factor Cause and effect statements can be made |
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What is the quasi-experimental approach?
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Same form as an experiment (at least one variable is categorical)
Often the categorical variable is organismic (for example, age group, gender, ethnicity) Research participants not randomly assigned to levels of the categorical factor Cannot make cause and effect statements, but can look for an association between the categorical factor and another variable |
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What is the descriptive approach?
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Researcher does NOT manipulate any of the variables
Variables are neither independent nor dependent Data are collected on the variables of interest and the relationship between them is studied. Cannot make cause and effect statements Can study the correlation (relationship) between variables Correlations can range from -1.0 to +1.0. |
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What are ethics in research on human aging?
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Research must be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Research participant (or a relative or caretaker) must sign a consent form after the research study is described Participants’ responses must remain confidential and in some cases participants are debriefed as to the purpose of the study Participants are free to discontinue if they so choose |
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What is primary aging?
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Are <B>unavoidable</b> (inevitable), universal, intrinsic (comes from within)<B> biological processes.</b>
There are individual differences in the rate at which occurs. |
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What is secondary aging?
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..is associated with defects in biological functioning resulting from hostile environment influences.
Evitable and not universal. Extrinsic influences are important (disease, disuse, abuse). |
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What is biological aging?
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Unlike Psychological Aging, which includes both increment (GAIN) and decrement (LOSSES),..
..Biological Aging generally involves “decremental physical changes (both structural and functional) that develop with the passage of time” (Busse, 1995). Biological aging is gradual and cumulative, but physical changes do not usually prevent people from leading productive and enjoyable lives. |
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What is life span?
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<i>Maximum</i> longevity, or extreme upper limit of time, that members of a species can live (120 in humans).
Life Span has stayed the <B>same</b> (life span is not likely to change until the key to aging is discovered). |
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What is life expectancy?
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<i>Average number</i> of years people in a particular cohort are expected to live, but cannot forecast how many years an individual cohort member will live.
Life expectancy has been <b>increasing</b> |
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What is life expectancy affected by?
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Level of nutrition
Sanitary conditions (public health/hygienic conditions) Medical care (especially young age mortality) |
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What is morbility?
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Refer to illness and disease rate of a population
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What is mortality?
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Refer to the death rate of a population
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<u>Life expectancy &Rectangular Survival Curve</u>
What is compression of mortality? |
A greater <i>proportion of deaths </i>occur during a narrow time period at upper limit of human life span.
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<u>Life expectancy &Rectangular Survival Curve</u>
What is compression of morbidity? |
<i>Illness and disability</i> occur only during a narrow time period immediately prior to death.
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What are theories of biological aging?
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programmed and stochastic
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What is programmed biological aging?
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The aging processes is under the control of genetically based blueprint.
Time Clock Theory Immune System Theory Evolutionary Theory |
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What is stochastic biological aging?
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<b>Random damage</b> to our vital systems are accumulating during the process of living and they influence the efficiency of our body functions.
Error Theory Wear and Tear Theory Rate of Living Theory Stress Theory Build-up of damaging substance |
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The aging processes is under the control of __________________.
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genetically based blueprint
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Programmed Theories
What is the time clock theory? |
Life span of species is <B>determined by a genetic blueprint, or time clock, at the cellular level</b>.
Recently, researchers have focused on telomeres; the length of the telomeres may determine cell longevity (Cristofalo et al., 1999). Gompertz equation is another argument used to support this assumption. |
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Programmed Theories
What is the immune theory? |
The Immune System is programmed to maintain its efficiency for a certain amount of time, after which it starts to becomes less efficient, with fewer or inferior antibodies to protect against foreign invaders.
It is premature to conclude that immune system decline is the cause rather than the result of normal aging. |
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Programmed Theories
What is the evolutionary theory? |
Members of a species are genetically programmed to <B>live long enough to bear and rear their young.</b>
Once members of a species reproduce and raise their offspring to independence, they have fulfilled their service in perpetuating the species. At that time the member of a species already used a great amount of energy, so their susceptibility to disease (morbidity) increases |
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Scholastic Theories
How do we manage to live as long as we do? |
Random damage to our vital systems are accumulating during the process of living and they influence the efficiency of our body functions.
As damage accumulates, we cease to function efficiently and eventually life becomes impossible to sustain. |
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Scholastic Theories
What is the error theory? |
<b>Error occurs at the cellular level, resulting in the production of faulty molecules</b>.
These errors can result from the organism’s metabolic processes or exposure to environmental factors. <B>Over time, unrepaired damage builds up, eventually resulting in metabolic failure and ultimately death.</b> |
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Scholastic Theories
What is the wear and tear theory or the rate of liviing theory? |
This theory postulates that we begin life with a fixed amount of physiological energy.
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Scholastic Theories
What is the stress theory? |
The biological system <B>sustains damage from prolonged exposure to stress.</b>
Stress triggers physiological activation that results in secretion of stress-related hormones called glucocorticoids (GC). Prolonged exposure to GC increase the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. The body has two regulatory system for responding to stress: - Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), and Neuroendocrine Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA). Ultimately, stress-related damage to the biological system can accelerate the aging process. |
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Scholastic Theories
What is the build-up of damaging sustance theory? |
This theory postulates that <B>damaging substance or waste products could disrupt physiological functioning.</b>
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Scholastic Theories - build up of damaging sustance
What is the cross-linking theory? |
Cross links are the numbers of joints between neighboring molecules, like collagen and cells skin. As the number of cross-links increase the joints become less flexible.
Cross links affect metabolic functioning because it obstructs the passage of nutrients and waste products into and out of cells. |
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Scholastic Theories - build up of damaging sustance
What is the free-radical theory? |
This theory focuses on the free radical molecules. Because of their instability, free radicals uniting with other molecules can damage these molecules (proteins, fats, and lipids) that are implicated in the production of cross-links.
Free radicals have been associated with change in the brain, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other disease. |
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What are 5 ways to shorten your life?
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Being overweight
Drinking and Driving Eating inadequate fruits and vegetables Being physically inactive Smoking |
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Why does caloric restriction have a positive effect on rat's longevity?
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Slows down rate of cell division, reducing the chances of the uncontrolled cell division characteristic of a late-life cancer.
Lowers blood glucose level, which reduces the chances of damage from build-up of sugar on proteins. Limits formation of free radicals. |
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What are factors investigated for their role in predicting longevity?
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<b>Marital status </b>
(but finding may not generalize to different birth cohort) <b>Cognitive ability and reaction time </b> (Deary et al, 2005 found that reaction time was a strong predictor of mortality. Kleemeirer ,1962 found that score to test of cognitive ability has a steeper decline before death –terminal drop. Maire et al, 1999 found that the score on tests for intellectual functioning had a negative correlation with mortality rate; high-low) <b>Subjective feelings about health</b> (Menec et al, 1999 found a negative correlation between self-perceived health and mortality rate; high-low) <b>Feelings about emotional well-being</b> (Nun study, found a negative correlation between cognitive abilities and emotional abilities and mortality rate; high-low). |
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Visible signs of aging are viewed more negatively in women than they are in men. True or false
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True
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Americans do not have a favourable view of people that use age concealment techniques, but they feel acceptable if they themselves use those techniques. True or false
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True
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What is it called when muscle mass and strength gradually decrease with age?
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sarcopenia
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What is the top preventative measure that can counteract the process of sarcopenia in adulthood?
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Strength training with free weight or resistance machines
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As people experience a decrease in sex hormones, they also lose bone mineral content. True or false
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true
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What is osteoporosis?
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bone loss
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What is a condition caused by degeneration of the joints, can cause pain and often loss of movement?
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arthritis
(osteoarthritis) |
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What are changes that happen in the lungs?
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A decrease in lungs elasticity results in smaller lung volume. However, normal age-related changes in lung capacity do not prevent older adults from engaging in exercise, which can help them maintain respiratory capacity.
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What is Atherosclerosis?
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a build-up of a substance called <B>plaque</b> that causes a narrowing of the<B> arterial </b>walls and leads to restriction in blood flow.
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What is hypertension?
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the term used when <b>blood pressure is elevated to a dangerous zone</b>, and overtime can damage arterial walls and increase the risk of heart attacks, aneurysms, and stroke.
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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a chronic condition caused by the body’s inability to create or effectively use its own insulin.
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What is obesity?
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The proportion of body fat increase from young adulthood through late middle age. The <b>regional distribution</b> of fat seems to be more important than absolute amount of body fat in predicting diseases such as Type II diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke (Masoro, 2006).
The <b>greater abdominal fat</b> has a positive correlation with these diseases. |
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What factors play a role in older adult's sexual functioning?
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Earlier interest and enjoyment of sexual activity;
Moderate good physical and psychological health; Medication (some prescription can affect libido); Availability of a partner (lack of partner, especially for older woman) |
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When does brain weight peak?
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at 20-30 and then declines by 10% by 10th decade
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When is there some shrinkage in brain volume?
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seems to begin in the 40s and to increase after age 60.
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What accounts for difficulties many older adults experience with sleep, processing sensory information, motor movements, and slowing, as well as with memory?
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Reduction in neurotransmitters at the synapses between neurons
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Atrophy of dendrites _______________
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Atrophy of dendrites that connect neurons, which results in fewer connections with other neurons.
After age 30, neurons die or become less functional, and also aging brain accumulate neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. |
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What is dementia?
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Is associated with brain volume shrinkage, and neuron atrophy in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and corpus collosum.
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What fosters maintenance of dendritic density?
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maintaining good health, as well as mental and physical exercise. Dendritic connections are important factor in brain functioning that could compensate for whatever neuron loss may occur in old age.
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What are activities of daily living?
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ADL
Basic self-maintenance tasks Eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, transferring into and out of a bed or chair, getting around the house |
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What are instrumental activities of daily living?
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IADL
More complex activities needed to carry out the business of daily life Prepare meals, shop, manage money, do housework, use telephone, take medications on schedule |
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What is medicare?
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Federal health insurance program started in 1965 for Americans aged 65+
Recipients must have worked the required amount of time to qualify but it is not means tested Part A (covers hospital and related costs/no premium) Part B (Physician fees, etc./premium) Part C (prescription drugs/premium) |
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What is medicaid?
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Federal program administered by states
Means tested (must fall below certain income) |
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Other research indicates that maintaining good health, as well as mental and physical exercise, fosters maintenance of __________
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dendritic density.
Dendritic connections are important factor in brain functioning that could compensate for whatever neuron loss may occur in old age. |
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What is sensation?
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the sensory organ’s initial registration of physical stimulation
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What is perception?
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the interpretation of the stimuli’s registration in the brain
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What is threshold?
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Minimum intensity of stimulation needed for a sensory organ to register its presence
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What is absolute threshold?
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<b>minimum </b>intensity needed for a stimulus to be detected
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What is terminal threshold?
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intensity beyond which a stimulus is <b>no longer detected</b>
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What is threshold of pain?
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intensity beyond which a stimulus becomes <b>unbearable and dangerous</b>.
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What is sensitivity?
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Capability of responding to stimulation
Inverse of threshold (high sensitivity = low threshold) |
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What is the signal detection model?
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Takes into account sensitivity & decisional criteria
<B>Before being able to make a decision we need to interpret the stimuli</b> Older adults tend to use conservative decision making (low false negative, high missing) |
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During the aging process sensitivity _______ and sensory threshold _______
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decreases
increases |
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What is reaction time?
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The time between the onset of a stimulus and the completion of a response
Reaction time (r.t.) can assess the organization and efficiency of the central nervous system |
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What is a simple r.t. task?
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1 stimulus
1 response |
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What is a choice r.t. task?
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2 stimuli
2 responses |
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What is complex r.t. task?
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more than 2 stimuli
more than 2 responses |
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What is premotor time?
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(84% of r.time)
Time between onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response <B>time from when something happens to when you react</b> |
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What is motor time?
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(16% of r.time)
Time elapsing from the initiation of a motor response and its completion |
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There is an age-related slowing on ________ and _________ time tasks.
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complex
choice reaction |
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What is the age-complexity hypothesis?
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The more complex the task, the greater the age-related gap in speed of response
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What is the stimulus persistence theory?
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At the central level (brain), information is processed more slowly
Less efficient processing of incoming information because older information is still being processed E.g. Critical flicker fusion threshold phenomena (blending of different signals presented in series) |
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What can older adults speed of responding be improved with?
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Regular exercise (long-term habits seem to be more effective for increasing speed of processing than short-term exercise)
Opportunities to practice (repetita iuvant) |
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What is Anosmia, Hyposmia?
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Smell
" a nose" |
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What is Ageusia, Hypogeusia?
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taste
ageusia->arugula(food)->taste |
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At what age is there a progressive loss of sensitivity?
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60
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What is Proprioception?
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awareness of position and movement of the body and limb in space
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What is pain?
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measuring is complex, it is related to sensitivity, willingness to report, and emotional experiences
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What is balance?
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no difference between young and old under normal conditions. Older adults use compensation from other sensory sources (Weisenberger, 2007).
Falls are greater risk for health. |
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What are ways to prevent a fall?
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muscle Strength and Balance Training (SBT).
Need to be presented not just as exercise to prevent a threat, but as an opportunity to enjoy and improve the general health! |
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What happens to the cornea?
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Luster, thickness & curvature can change
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What happens to the acqeous humour?
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humour->laugh->weed->glaucoma
Glaucoma (elevated pressure) |
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What happens to the pupil?
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diameter decreases (lets in less light), less reacting, and less adjustable
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What happens to the lens?
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Increased size & thickness (Presbyopia)
Yellowing (changes in color vision) Senile cataracts (opacities create glare) |
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What happens to the retina?
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# of retinal ganglion cell axons decline
Macular degeneration Diabetic retinopathy |
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What helps prevent vision problems?
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Diet (Vitamin C and E, zinc, daily glass of red wine)
Don’t smoke |
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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Usually mechanical in nature
Structural changes in outer ear (eardrum: stiffer, thinner & less elastic) or impacted wax Structural changes in middle ear (ossicles: calcification) Affects all frequencies (high/low pitch) |
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What is Sensorineural hearing loss?
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Damage or degeneration of cochlear hair cells on basilar membrane
Frequencies affected depends on where on the basilar membrane hair cells are damaged Typical age- related increasing in threshold for high-pitch Less sensitivity to door-bells, smoke alarms, birds chirping |
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What is Presbycusis?
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Type of hearing loss common in older adulthood
Associated with sensorineural loss & higher order processing Lower sensitivity to high-frequency tones High-frequency loss eventually affects speech sounds (s,z,t,th,f) Difficult discriminating work high-frequency consonants (fit, sit) Phonemic regression (hear it but cannot understand it) Difficulty understanding speech in noisy conditions or “babble” Difficulty to understand rapid speech |
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What is Phonemic regression?
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Older understanding of speech is poorer than it should be based solely on their sensitivity to pure tone.
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Other facts about presbycusis?
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Begins earlier (30s) and progresses faster in men than women
More common in European Americans than African Americans May be associated with exposure to noise Other factors could be genetic influences, medication, hypertension, and lifestyle habits of diet, alcohol, and smoking (future? rock concert, mobile devices) |
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What is elder speak?
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Slower speech and Shorter sentences
Reduced complexity of grammar (overly simple grammar, simpler words, and more repetition) |
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What is patronizing speech?
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(frequently impose unnecessary constrains on interactions = unsatisfaction = avoiding)
Terms of endearment (“Honey,” “dear”) Speaking too loudly Exaggerated prosody (intonation, and nonverbal gestures) Overhelping style |
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What is Reduced Attentional Resources/Capacity Model?
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Quantity of processing <b>resources </b>declines with age
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What is Inhibitory Deficit Model?
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inhibited from ignoring distractions/inhibited from staying focussed
Decreased ability with increasing age to ignore irrelevant stimuli (distractors) and focus on relevant ones (targets) |
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What is the frontal lobe model?
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Frontal lobes are susceptible to effects of aging, affecting decision making, processing of multiple streams of stimuli, initiating and stopping behaviors, etc. (based on neurological evidences, off-target verbosity, & experiment)
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What two different systems appear to play a role in attentional functioning?
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frontal area & occipital/parietal areas
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What is sustained attention (vigilance)?
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Monitoring stable patterns of stimuli for any evidence of change (e.g. quality monitor managing)
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What is divided attention?
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Paying attention to more than one thing at a time or processing concurrently two or more stimuli (e.g. driving)
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What is selective attention?
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Paying attention to relevant information and ignoring distracting information (e.g. follow a conversation at a party)
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What are vigilance tasks?
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Age-related differences only when tasks are complex or strictly timed. Improvement with practice. Older adult are less prone to mind wandering during simple vig.tasks.
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What are divided attention tasks?
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Age-related differences when demands of the tasks exceed older adults’ attentional resources/capacity. E.g. new dual-task situation. Improvement with practice.
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What are selective attention tasks?
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Age-related differences when the situation makes it difficult to ignore distracting stimuli
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What is AAMI?
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Age-Associated Memory Impairment
Mild form of memory loss can occur with the aging process |
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What is the information processing model?
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Sensory store
Short-term store Long-term store |
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What is sensory store?
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Momentary perceptual trace (iconic, echoic)
It seems that in older adults the info dissipate more quickly; but in sum minimal differences |
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What is short-term store?
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Info held for up to 30 seconds
Limited capacity: between 5 and 9 items |
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What are 2 components of short-term store?
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<B>Primary memory </b>– holds info in the same form which it was entered. Almost no age-related decline.
<b>Working memory</b> – holds, manipulates, and actively processes info. Decline relate to age and task-complexity. |
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Short-term store - What is working memory?
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Limited capacity
You can process more information at any given time if some is speech-based (phonological) and some visual or spatial (visuo-spatial)!! |
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What is long-term store?
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Info held for long-time (days, weeks..)
Apparently no capacity limits. |
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What are the 3 long-term store categories?
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<b>Procedural memory</b> – Almost no age-related decline
<b>Semantic memory</b> - Almost no age-related decline <b>Episodic memory</b> – Age-related decline |
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Long-term store: What is procedural memory?
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Procedural memory
<b>Skills </b>acquired gradually with practice over a long time. (e.g. driving, play music instrumnt, understand languages) |
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Long-term store: What is semantic memory?
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Info well learned, but no specific time or place can be identified as to when it was placed there.
(e.g. where is Paris, meaning, knowledge) |
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Long-term store: What is episodic memory?
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Memory for <b>event and experiences</b> + specific place & time.
(e.g. where I parked my car at the mall) |
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Episodic memory - what is source memory?
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where or from whom an info was acquired. Very little age-related differences.
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Episodic memory - What is temporal memory?
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when the event occurred.
Older adults are less accurate than young adults |
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Episodic memory - what is frequency of occurrence memory?
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how frequent. Age-related decline in accuracy.
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What is the episodic memory stage of processing?
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Encoding
Storage Retrieval |
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What is encoding?
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-Forming a memory trace to enter into long-term s.
Can be Rote – simple rehearse over & over again Can be Elaborative – visual or verbal elaboration Easy to retrieve memory traces elaborative encoded Older tend to DON’T use elaborative encoding, BUT they can if they are prodded to. Mediation deficiency -Inability to encode info elaboratively Production def –Able to do so & failing to do so spontaneously |
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What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?
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memory will be best if the <B>same information</b> is available<I> at both the time of encoding and the time of retrieval.</i>
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E.P. - What is storage?
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Bin where memory traces are stored for a long time, often permanently.
No age-related decline. Organized placement in the long-term memory help to retrieve it more efficiently. |
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E.P. What is retrieval?
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Getting information out of long-term storage
<b>Recall </b>- Older adults recall fewer items than young <b>Cued recall</b> - Older adults may recall fewer items but age-related difference smaller than it is for recall <b>Recognition </b>- Little or no age-related differences |
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What is remote memory?
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very long-term memory
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Remote memory - what is factual information?
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Memory for political, sports and entertainment info.
A portion of these info is well retained into late adulthood without any further loss. |
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Remote memory - what is autobiographical information?
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Memory for personal events (e.g. proms, weddings..)
Memories relatively well retained. Over time our memories may represent what we believe rather than what actually happened. |
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What is the Reminiscence Bump?
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Older adults’ strongest and most vivid memories are for events and experiences that occurred between ages 10 and 30.
That time is a period of rapid change, peak cognitive functioning, and both of which foster elaborative encoding. |
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What is prospective memory?
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Remembering to do something in the future (e.g. pay bills, mail letters, make phone call, go to app.)
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What is prospective memory failure?
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Absentmindedness
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What are the two types of prospective memory?
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<b>Event-based tasks</b> - remembering to perform some action in response to an external cue (calendar, smart phone..).
Environmental support strateg. Little age-related decline. <b>Time-based tasks </b>- remembering to perform some action without the aid of any external physical cue. Self-initiated processing. No clear Age-related findings. |
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What is discourse memory?
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Memory for extended <B>language materials</b>
Themes (gist) and Details. Older adults recall better gist. Education and Intellectual activity affect the decline. Older adults rely on their knowledge of language structure to compensate age-related decline. Off-line measures Individuals read/listen to language-related materials and afterward take a memory test On-line measures Investigates strategies individuals use as they process discourse materials |
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What is implicit memory?
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Implicit memory is memory <B>without any deliberate recollection</b>
No conscious intention to remember when exposed to stimuli or events No awareness that memory traces were encoded However, implicit memory inferred when prior exposure affects subsequent performance or behavior |
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Implicit memory holds up worse than explicit even for older adults with dementia. True or false
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False
it holds up better |
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What is metamemory?
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<B>An inherent understanding of memory</b> (how the memory system works, the differences between the memory tasks)
No age-related differences about this knowledge. Less accurate understanding of metamemory = fail to engage in strategies that would help. Less accuracy to monitoring the memory processing = fail to use additional cognitive resources. |
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What is memory self-evaluation?
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Older adults often report more frequent forgetting
Older adults’ memory complaints are not always reflected in their actual memory performance It is possible that in some cases these complaints reflect depression, sadness, or other emotional difficulties about health problems or general feeling of inadequacy. In other cases older adults acknowledge their memory losses but in the same time they believe this don’t represent any problem in everyday life. |
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What is memory self-efficacy?
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<B>Beliefs and judgments about one’s own memory </b>competence/confidence in one’s own memory abilities.
Some Age-related difference in performances. Goal-setting, positive feedback an encouragement has a positive effect on feeling of self-efficacy and performance Older adults that feel a sense of control of their performance are more apt to expend effort to maximize their memory and more likely to implement Coping Behaviors (making lists, forming visual imagery) in response to perceived memory difficulties. This can be applied to memory training. |