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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Positive Nitrogen Balance |
Recover after illness, athletic training, certain hormones (insulin, testorsterone, growth hormone) |
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Negative Nitrogen Balance |
Inadequate intake of protein (fasting, low absorption) deficiency of EAA |
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Lipoprotein with highest concentration of TRIG. Dietary lipids. Enter lymphatic system and bloodstream. |
Chylomicrons |
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Lipoprotein made in the liver. High concentration of TRIG. Removes TRIG and picks up cholesterol to become LDL. High levels associated with diabetes/obesity/refined sugars |
VLDL |
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Lipoprotein with high concentration of cholesterol. Receptors on cells allow to enter. Deposits cholesterol and other lipids onto cells. |
LDL |
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Lipoprotein made in the liver and sm amounts in intestines. Removes cholesterol from cells to be broken down by the liver. High amounts assoicated with health/longevity |
HDL |
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Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria. Live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on health when ingested in live and sufficient numbers. Fermented products. |
Probiotics |
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Fructo-oligosaccharides. Short chain simple sugars. Nondigestible food products that stimulate growth of desirable bacteria. |
Prebiotic |
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What do lipids, carbs, and proteins bread down to before entering the TCA cycle? |
Acetyl CoA |
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The first step of the TCA cycle. |
Condensation reaction |
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The TCA cycle is located in the _________ |
Mitochondria |
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Coenzymes often have ___ vitamins with them. |
B vitamins |
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Where cytochromes are located |
Heme iron |
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The mineral found in cytochromes |
iron |
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This enzyme is found in the respiratory chain aka Electron transport chain |
Coenzyme Q |
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Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines |
Peristalsis |
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Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA is an ________ reaction |
Irreversible |
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The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. |
Catabolism |
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When does the body make lactic acid? |
When oxygen is limited. |
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A shunt of glycolysis in the liver, adipose, mammary glands, testes, RBC. Produces NADPH for fatty acid and steroid synthesis. |
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway |
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Straight chain starch, more resistant to fiber. |
Amylose |
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Branched chain starch, easier to digest |
Amylopectin |
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Substrates used to make glucose in gluconeogensis |
Glucagon and cortisol |
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Functions of insulin |
1. Anabolic hormone that lowers blood glucose 2. Muscles, adipose, and and tissues are dependent on insulin to take in glucose 3. Stimulates phosphorylation of glucose 4. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis |
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Low glycemic index foods |
legumes, non starchy vegetables |
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When there are high levels of ketones due to fat breakdown |
Ketosis |
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Highest amount of cholesterol people should consume |
300 mg |
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The break down of fatty acid in numerous Acetyl-CoA molecules so Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle |
Beta-oxidations |
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The most active form of Vitamin E |
Alpha-tocopherol |
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What does Vitamin A deficiency cause? |
-Keratinization -xerophthalmia (eye problems) |
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Iron overload caused by genetic disorder, the mucosal block works less efficiently in those with ___________ |
Hemochromotosis |
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Hemoglobin carries _______ |
oxygen |
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The body's iron storage |
About 5g of iron stored in RBC |
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_______ increases iron absorption |
Vitamin C |
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Heme iron is found in: |
Meat, shellfish, beef, poultry, organ meats. |
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How much of heme iron is absorbed? |
15-35% |
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How much of non-heme iron is absorbed? |
2-10% |
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__________ regulates zinc absorption |
Metallothionein |
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Trace mineral found in teeth and bones |
Fluoride |
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Mineral with glutathione peroxidase |
Selenium |
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Good food sources of zinc |
Ground beef, oysters, steak, crab, broccoli |
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Results of zinc toxicity |
Raised LDL, lower HDL, lower body copper |
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__________ hampers utilization of iodine |
Thyroid hormone |
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_________ increases excretion of chromium |
High sugar intakes, strenuous exercise, physical trauma |
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Good food sources of copper |
Seafood, nuts, grains, seeds, legumes, chocolate |
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Iodine deficiency causes _________ |
Cretinism |
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The amount of sodium in "low salt" products |
<140mg |
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Good food sources of potassium |
Bananas, broccoli, carrots, tomato juiuce, strawberries, squash, artichoke |
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Diuertics can have an adverse affect on these minerals |
Magnesium & Potassium |
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Condition in which sodium amount in blood is lower than normal. Causes: burns, diarrhea, heart failure, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, vomiting |
Hypoatremia |
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_____ deficiency leads to beriberi and wrist/ankle drop |
B1, Thiamine |
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How is lymph fluid formed? |
Fluid from blood plasma that is not reabsorbed by blood vessels drains into the lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic drainage prevents accumulation of too much tissue fluid. |
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3 Ds of Pellegra |
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea |
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_____________ are both electrolytes and dissociate in water to form charged ions |
Potassium and sodium |
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____ iron is the best absorbed |
Heme |
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RBC use ___________ for energy |
Glucose |
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AA that is a precursor to Niacin |
Tryptophan |
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Who should avoid eating aspartame? |
People with PKU- avoid phenylalanines |
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Branched Chain AA are metabolized in _______ |
Muscles |
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Linolenic acid (canola, linseed, soybean) is used to make: |
EPA and DHA |
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Aldosterone function: |
Regulate blood pressure |
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Groups of similar cells that perform a common function |
Tissue |
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The body stores glucose as this |
Glycogen |
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Frequent acid reflux can lead to this |
GERD |
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The pancreas releases the digestive enzyme _________ into small intestine |
Bicarbonate |
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An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degredative enzymes enclosed in a membrane |
Lysosomes |
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Movement across membranes that does not require input of energy |
Passive membrane transport |
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Reaction in which hydrogens or electron are lost |
Oxidation |
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Reaction in which electrons or hydrogens are gained |
Reduction |
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When does ketosis take place? |
When there is not sufficient glucose to provide energy for the body. Can happen when the body is lacking insulin and blood glucose levels become high, or on a low carb diet. Fats are broken down. |
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Milk is sold in opaque containers to prevent destruction of this vitamin |
B2: riboflavin |
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The main objective of this diet is to lower blood pressure |
DASH |
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This hormone decreases water excretion by the kidneys |
Antidiuretic hormone |
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The thirst center is located in the: |
Hypothalamus |
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This is the fastest body mechanism for regulating pH |
The buffer system |
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This deficiency during pregnancy is associated with neural tube defects and spina bifida. |
Folate |
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Lack of intrinsic factor is associated with _________ anemia |
Pernicious |
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Pyridoxine is a form of this vitamin |
B6 |
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Eating raw eggs could lead to this deficiency |
B7: biotin |
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Good food sources of folate |
Leafy greens, legumes, liver |
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______ is required for hydroxylation of lysine and proline |
Vitamin C |
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Transamination makes _____ AA |
Nonessential |
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Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to this anemia |
Microcytic hypochromic anemia |
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These cells help bones to repair |
Osteoblast |
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This decreases blood calcium |
Calcitonin |
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This vitamin is important for blood coagulation |
Vitamin K |
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The process of removing an amino group from an AA and giving it to another substance to form a new AA |
Transamination |
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People with high uric acid levels are likely to develop: |
Gout |
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A low intake of this vitamin could lead to bone loss |
Vitamin D |
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What is PDCAAS |
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score |
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Milk has a high _____ |
PDCAAS |
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The biologically active form of vitamin K |
Menadione |
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Lymphocytes carry _______ in circulation |
Antibodies |
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The common antibody involved in allergic reactions |
IgE |
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This immunity recognizes a limited number of markers unique to pathogens |
Innate internal immunity |
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Mechanical digestion in the mouth |
Mastication |
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The primary cause of ulcers |
Helicobacter Pylori |
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These cells attack viruses |
T cells |
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Urea is formed by a ________ reaction |
Condensation |
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Glycine is a _____ AA |
Nonessential |
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Where is hydroxyproline found? |
Collagen |
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This AA regulates blood pressure |
Arginine |
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Caused by moderate energy deficiency and severe protein deficiency |
Kwashiorkor |
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Vitamin ___ stimualtes osteoclast cells |
D |
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Spinach is a good source of _________ |
Provitamin A |
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Phylloquine is a form of: |
Vitamin K |
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The most glucogenic AA |
Alanine |
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The active form of Vitamin D |
Calcitriol |
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Intestinal bacteria make: |
Menaquinone |
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Needed for gene expression |
Retinoic Acid |
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When the cell membrane forms a vesicle that surrounds extracellular substances and releases them into the cell |
Endocytosis |
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When a vesicle formed inside the cell releases products made in the cell into extracellular fluid |
Exocytosis |
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When carbs combine with lipids or protein to make glycolipids or glycoproteins |
Glycocalyx |
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Phospholipid bilayer |
Have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety. Core is hydrophobic, helps restain essential water soluble substances in the cell |
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Immunity that develops in one's lifetime and is a result of exposure to invaders and antigens |
Acquired |
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Immunity: 3rd line of defense, specific. Antibody mediated (humoral) or cell mediated |
Adaptive |
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Protein released by plasma cell (daughter of an activated B cell). Produce humoral immunity by changing antigens. Binds antigens-attracts macrophafes-expose complement binding sites |
Antibodies |
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Immunity that involves T cells. Directed against intracellular pathogens and cancerous cells. Can't be transferred in plasma. |
Cellular immunity |
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All chemicals except antibodies released leukocytes. Inflammatory mediators |
Cytokines |
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Immunity that involves B cells and the antibodies they produce. Directed against extracellular pathogens. CAN be transferred in plasma |
Humoral immunity |
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Immunity that is the first line of defense. Surface barriers. Nonspecific- general protection. Relies on mechanisms that exist before infection |
Innate external
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White blood cells that provide protection against ingested microorganisms |
Macrophages |
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Enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars |
Amylase |
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The amount of bile (emulsifier) secreted by liver per day |
1200 mL |
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Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice, and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food |
Gastrin |
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The protrusion of an organ, typically the stomach, through the esophogeal opening in the diaphragm |
Hiatal hernia |
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Reaction in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH-) |
Hydrolysis |
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Nutrition Care Process Steps |
Assess Diagnose Intervention Monitor Evaluation |
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Part of nutrition prescription that concisely states the patient's individualized recommended dietary intake of energy and/or selected foods or nutrients. Based on current reference standards and dietary guidelines and the patients health condition and nutrition diagnosis |
Nutrition Prescription |
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PES Statement |
_________(problem) related to _________ (etiology) as evidenced by ___________ (signs and symptoms) |
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The adrenal gland releases _____ & __________ |
Cortisol and epinephrine |
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Cycle that regenerates glucose. Involves glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Used under conditions of limited oxygen availability. Provided small amounts of ATP |
Cori Cycle |
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Stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis. Released from alpha cells in pancreas |
Glucagon |
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Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources in liver and kidney. Active when fasting and inadequate supply of insulin. Stimulated by glucagon and cortisol. |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Converting glucose to glycogen. Insulin stimulates. |
Glycogenesis |
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The breakdown of glycogen. Muscle and adipose breaks down to glu-6-phosphtae. Liver and kidney breaks down to glucose. Stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine |
Glycogenolysis |
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Glucose-hemoglobin unit. Glucose attaches to hemoglobin in the oxygen carrying molecule in RBC. Reflects sugar exposure to the cells over its life (3 months) |
Glycosolated hemoglobin |
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Hexosekinase is _______ by high concentration of glucose |
Inhibited |
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Caused by obesity and is a precursor for the development of type 2 diabetes. The inability of insulin receptors to respond to insulin |
Insulin resistance |
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Used to make genetic material. Very little in diet, readily made in the cell. Part of ATP, NAD, ribolfavin |
Pentoses |
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Carbs RDA |
130 g. 45-46% of total calories |
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5-10% of diabetes. Most often in kids. Caused by lack of insulin production by the pancreatic B cells. Autoimmune disorder that destroys B cells. Insulin injections or pumps required. |
Type 1 Diabetes |
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90-95% of diabetes. Insulin resistance: insulin receptors can't respond to insulin. |
Type 2 Diabetes |
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USDA Fiber label guidelines |
High fiber= 5g or more Good source= 2.5-4.9g |
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Group of compounds made from arachidonic acid and EPA. Assists in regulating blood pressure, blood clotting, immune response. Chemical messengers. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes. |
Eicosanoids |
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AMDR of fat |
20-35% of total calories |
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Lipoprotein in HDL. Should be high to decrease risk of heart disease. |
ApoA-1 |
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Lipoprotein in LDL. Should be low |
ApoB |
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How much EPA and DHA acids should you have a day |
300-400mg |
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Omega 6 fatty acid. Made in the body from linoleic acid. May be reduced in advanced age, diabetes, high alcohol intake |
Gamma-linolenic acid |
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Sterols made by plants that resemble cholesterol. Avg intake is 150-350mg/day. Sterols best consumed with a meal, can reduce cholesterol in 3 weeks. Those on statin drugs could benefit. |
Plant sterols |
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Hydrophobic compounds that combines with a protein to make a chylomicron |
Cholesterol |
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Trans fat that some researchers claim to be less harmful than others. |
Conjugated linoleic acid |
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Enzyme that catobolizes the hydrolysis of ester bonds that attach fatty acid to the glycerol molecule. Liberates fatty acids from adipose cell |
Hormone-sensitive lipase |
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Process that yields a product more saturated, more spreadable, and more resistant to oxidation. Enhances stability. |
Hydrogenation |
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RDA of saturated fat |
Less than 7% of calories. about 16g per day. |
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Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol by inhibiting one of the enzymes needed for synthesis. |
Statin drugs |
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Ester of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Most common lipid in foods and the body |
Triglycerides |