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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Election of 1824 |
Jackson, JQ Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford (Republican caucus nominated) run for president. House of Representatives (by 12th amendment) chooses JQ Adams b/c Clay is in position of power |
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Corrupt Bargain |
Jacksonian’s thoughts about JQ Adams; were outraged because they thought that Clay and Adams were in cahoots. Clay had been appointed Adams’s Secretary of State – aka possible successor |
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Caucus System |
Used by Republican Party to nominate presidential candidates for election; “King Caucus” is overthrown after 1820s because there was no more Federalist candidate |
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Tariff of Abominations |
1828; nickname given by Southerners; raises tensions between North and South Civil War; tariff is set on British manufactured goods; antagonizes the North (because they had to pay more for raw materials from South) and the South (because would help North more) |
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Tariff of 1832 |
is congressional tariff bill that offers south no relief Nullification arises again in South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) Result of the tariff of abominations |
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South Carolina Exposition and Protest * |
made by John C Calhoun in protest against Tariff of Abominations; said that South Carolina would secede if tariff wasn’t repealed; echoes nullification ideas presented in K and V resolutions |
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Election of 1828 |
Jackson (Democratic Republican) wins by a landslide against JQ Adams (National Republican); victory was sectional – north voted mostly for Adams; era of “common man” starts |
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Alexis deTocqueville |
A French author who wrote about American social conditions, political ideas an religious observations. His books were influential - he advocated for racial segregation such as the Indian removal act. |
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Whigs |
anti-Jacksonians; Martin Van Buren of NY proposes new kind of party (institutionalized party with permanent opposition, allowing for politicians to be attuned to the will of the people); factional rivalries had been present before, but in late 1820s this new idea of the party spread – by 1830s, 2 party system operated at national level (Whigs vs Democrats) |
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Democrats |
Jacksonians; oldest political party; no longer “democratic republicans” |
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Spoils System |
system enforced by Jackson; Jackson believed that entrenched officeholders were bad and undemocratic, so he fired federal officeholders and appointed his own followers to public office |
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Political party Conventions |
1832, Jackson’s followers hate caucus b/c they thought it favored elites; stages a national party convention to allow the people to nominate candidates; thought to be more democratic, but political allies of president were usually appointed to office; precedent = anti-Mason nominating convention |
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John C Calhoun |
(who had proposed the wildly controversial theory of nullification to prevent S. Carolina from seceding after the “tariff of abominations”) |
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Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet |
unofficial circle of President Jackson’s allies; included and Calhoun’s rival Martin Van Buren; increased the rift b/w Calhoun and Jackson b/c he wasn't in it but Van Buren was |
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Eaton Affair |
Jackson’s senator John Eaton has an affair with Peggy O’Neale, so Mrs. Calhoun rejects Peggy when Jackson names Eaton secretary of war; creates a rift between Jackson and John Calhoun and ends Calhoun’s dreams to presidency; Van Buren gains upper hand |
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Webster-Hayne Debate |
Daniel Webster argues with Robert Hayne over states’ rights Robert Hayne believes that tariff should be lowered, and that the South and West should band together to resist North tyranny Webster believes this to be challenging integrity of the Union and challenges Hayne to a debate Shows conflict between states’ rights and national power |
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Battle of the Toasts |
At Jackson’s birthday dinner, Jackson shows support of Webster Jackson believes the Union is the most important He humiliates Calhoun, showing the rift between them |
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South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification |
1832 Begins the nullification crisis Nullifies the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 Angers Jackson he builds up troops |
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Force Bill |
1833 Authorizes president to use military to see that acts of Congress are obeyed Raises possibility that he will respond with violence Increases the amount of security in SC |
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Compromise Tariff of 1833 |
Proposed by Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser South agrees to have the tariff be lowered gradually so that it can return to normal levels by 1842 |
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Black Hawk War |
1831-1832 Indians (Sauk and Fox) vs Whites in Illinois Cause: Black Hawk and his followers refuse to acknowledge treaty giving Illinois tribal lands. They settle in Illinois and anger the whites, who assemble a militia Vicious fighting for whites, even after Indians surrender. Black Hawk is captured and paraded as a trophy of war (however, dignified attitude earns him respect) |
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Seminole War |
Seminole resistance to relocation 1835 Osceola and followers rebel to defend their lands Guerilla warfare, years of fighting, costly for Americans 1842 – Conflict ends. Most Seminole are dead, but their relocation was never complete |
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Five Civilized Tribes |
Tribes in the south that have established agricultural societies and sophisticated culture Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw Cherokee ways of life change – shows influence of Whites |
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Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
got money to fund federal negotiations with Indians to get them to move off of their land Approved by Jackson Supported Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (had been passing state lays to regulate tribes; wanted to settle Indian lands) Combines federal pressure with state pressure some weaker tribes acquiesce (but not Cherokee) |
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Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia |
1831; Cherokees fight for defense after Indian Removal Acts of 1830; Marshall can’t hear the case because Cherokees are a “domestic, dependent nation” that could not sue |
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Worcester vs GA |
1832; Cherokees fight again Marshall declares that states don’t have the right to regulate tribes. Only is within the power of the federal government Jackson is angry. Does not enforce the decision |
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Trail of Tears |
Cherokee movement to reservations in 1838; other of the Five Civilized tribes are forced to move too, to Indian Territory that Congress makes from the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 |
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Maysville Road Veto |
1830 Jackson vetoes bill allowing Congress to provide money to build Maysville Road in Kentucky He thinks that it isn’t a federal affair because the road lays completely in Kentucky and is not part of “interstate commerce” Didn’t want gov’t to have extravagant expenditures |
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Nicholas Biddle |
President of the BUS from 1823 |
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Hard money |
believes that all money should be backed by hard gold and silver, so didn’t like that the Bank of US was issuing bank notes (Jackson supports this) |
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Soft money |
believes that state banks should have ability to issue bank notes to promote economy; liked bank notes unsupported by gold and silver; consisted of state bankers |
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Bank of the US Recharter |
1832 Biddle allies with Webster and Clay to apply for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter Jackson vetoes The national bank is set to become a central issue in the 1832 elections Jackson wins the election Bank War |
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Roger Taney |
ally who Jackson appoints to place government deposits in state banks, instead of BUS |
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Pet Banks |
nickname given by Jackson’s enemies for the banks he places gov’t deposits in Bank War: Biddle calls in loans and raises interest rates to cause a recession Both sides blame each other for recession Biddle loses in the end because he was threatening interests of business community |
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Charles River Bridge vs. Warren |
2 companies are arguing over a toll bridge on Charles River 1st company claims it has a monopoly provided by a charter2nd company wants to build a cheaper, toll free bridge Taney rules in favor of 2nd company Says it is the government’s duty to promote general happiness. Monopoly was benefitting from too much privilege Shows the idea of Jackson Age that monopolies give older, privileged corporations a bad advantage over newer companies |
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Whig Party (pt 2) |
Opposition to Jackson Wanted a future of economic success Named after Whigs in England, who tried to limit the king’s power Wanted expanded power of federal government Unification of economic system Cautious of westward expansion because felt it would cause instability Supported Anti-Masonry, which criticized Society of Freemasons as undemocratic; provided opportunity to criticize Jackson and Van Buren |
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Democrat Party (pt 2) |
Wanted a future of opportunity Role of gov’t should be limited but still able to remove obstacles to opportunity Attacked centers of corrupt privilege Locofocos: radical splinter who hated monopolies and privilege |
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Great Triumvirate |
Dominated Whig Party, just like Jackson dominated Democrats Clay, Webster, Calhoun: all opposed Jackson but had flaws; never became presidents |
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American System |
Proposed by Clay in 1824 Supported protective tariffs, national banks, and infrastructure improvements |
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Treasury surplus |
Years between 1835 – 1837 are economically prosperous: land sales and tariff money creates budget surpluses |
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Distribution Act of 1836 |
Distributes surplus to states States use money for infrastructure, but strains state “pet banks” because of loss of gov’t deposits |
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Specie Circular of 1836 |
Jackson tries to remedy the speculative fever by issuing order that the gov’t would only accept payment for public lands that are securely backed by gold and silver Is a disaster; causes Panic of 1837 |
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Panic of 1837 |
Depression during Van Buren’s Presidency Banks fail, unemployment grows, land prices fall Caused by: external factors (Europe is suffering $ crises and withdraws funds from America) Jefferson’s Specie Circular Distribution Act, which weakens state banks |
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Independent Treasury |
Response to Panic Van Buren proposes that there should be an independent treasury to house gov’t money and replace BUS |
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Old Tippecanoe |
Nickname for William Henry Harrison (Whig President who dies soon after election) |
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John Tyler |
VP who becomes president Vetoes Clay’s attempt to reestablish BUS Vetoes internal improvement bills that Clay and other Whigs support Is kicked out of the Whig Party |
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Caroline Affair |
Canadians trying to rise up against British seize an American ship to ship supplies, but British intercept it and burn it. Kills one American NY authorities arrest the Canadian McLeod and charges him with murder Crisis is averted when NY jury acquits McLeod. |
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The Aroostook-Lumberjack War |
1838: American and Canadian lumberjacks move into Aroostook River region and fight Boundary between Main and Canada is disputed |
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty |
1842: Great Britain sends Lord Ashburton to negotiate Maine boundaries and dispute over the American ships Caroline and Creole Establishes Maine boundary, smaller provisions to placate Maine and Massachusetts Americans are appeased by promise that Britain will avoid interfering with American ships |