Aging And Society Final

The terms old, elderly, and aged in this book refer to people aged ____ and over

sociologists describes prejudice as

stereotyping can

_____ is the systematic study of aging

Which of the following reasons for studying aging was not given in the text?
A. to help understand social issues
B. to learn to work in a field that serves older people
c. to enable older people to reverse or avoid effects of aging
D. to help older friends and relations to deal with the issues of later life

gerontologists work to replace myths and stereotypes of aging with

ageism in our culture is

which of the following is a major source of ageism?
a. media
b. lack of knowledge
c education institutions
d. all of the above

Palmore (2001) reports that ____% of older people experienced more than one incident of ageism

New ageism refers to a(n)
a. desire to give less help to older people
b. desire to give more help to older people
c. belief in the occult
d. attempt to create a negative stereotype of older people

stereotypes, whether negative or compassionate, results in
A. a decrease in public support for older people
B. an increase in public support for older people
C. lavish treatment for older people
D. indifference to the problems of older people

the major source of ageism today is

Palmore's research on the FAQ suggests that

The U.S. age discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) prohibits

Congress (McCan and Ventrell-Monses, 2010) enacted the ADEA to
a. hire older workers
b hirer younger workers
c. increase discrimination against older workers
d. promote the employment of older worers based on ability rather than age

research methods provide

the status of gerontology as a discipline depends on

The three areas that make up the core of aging studies are

biomedicine studies refers to

geriatrics is defined as

psychosocial studies look at the changed that take place

socioeconomic-environmental studies examine the effects of aging on

social gerontology make up part of the total body of gerontological knowledge and
a. is not included in the total body of gerontological knowledge
B. includes the psychosocial, socioeconomic-environmental, and practice-related studies of aging
C. views aging from the perspective of the economic system

gerontologist create theories to

what are the two levels of theories that scientists use

Macro-level theories

micro-level theories

one example of macro-level theory

age stratification theory links

gerontologists place changes in older people into on of three categories. Which one is not a category of change
A. age effect
B. cohort effect
C. gender effect
D. period effect

Demographers use three measure to describe population. Which of the following is not a measure of population aging?
A. the absolute number of older people in a population
B. the median age of the population
C. the educational level of the population
D. the increased proportion of older people

Major causes of population changes

fastest growing age group in the country is the group aged

_____ has led to longer life in older age and will extend the lives of more people in the future

How do the oldest-old population differ demographically from the young-old population of today?

by the year 2030, the proportion of _______ in the older population will increase

today the nonwhite population in the U.S. is _____ than the white population

three trends that lead to an older population are

why does Florida have one of the largest proportions of population age 65 and over in the U.S.?

some older people move to enjoy a new lifestyle at retirement. This type of move is called

____ is the lead destination state for migrating retirees

The ___________ migration takes place when an older person moves from a community setting to an institution

the sex ratio is older population has declined throughout the 20th century due to

the dependency ratio gives a crude measure of how many _____ exist to support younger and older people in the population

what is the major conclusion drawn from dependency ratios?

one social condition that contributes to the interest in anti-aging science and medicine

ADL and IADL problems increase with

men die younger than women, but women have ______ in later life

the study of successful aging shows that

_____ is a genetic process that switches off the cell's ability to divide thus controlling cell growth and cell death

Benstock and George (2006) trace the interest in anti-aging medicine and science to ____ social conditions

Biologist distinguish between two cause of aging _____ aging due to normal physical funtions and _____ aging due to environment

successful aging refers to people who _____ in physiological function

successful aging based on the SOC model encourages people, at whatever age or physical condition, to

the future goals of gerontology suggest that

the effects of senescence differs from person to person, but in general, ______ declines with age

studies show that the incidence of acute illness ____ with age and incidence of chronic illness _____ with age

new devices and new medical therapies are example of improvements in the ____ that can help older people cope with disabilities

According to Rowe and Kahn (1998) ______ is the ability to 1. maintain a low risk for disease, 2. maintain high levels of mental and physical functions, and 3. actively engage in life

improvements in _____ could lead to between functioning in later life

a number of studies report a decrease in _____ memory with age

researchers conclude that older people do as well as younger people

wisdom make older people

Studies on aging and mental potential suggest that ________ helps maintain good mental function.

Studies show that spiritual practices can lead to

Research on ________ finds a decrease in religious participation within the cohort.

Disengagement theory sees ________ as inevitable and satisfying to the individual and society.

Continuity theory suggest that mildly active people in their middle years will

The life course perspective is a ________ process.

The study of life events looks at the influence of ________ on human development.

Examples of normative age graded events are

Examples of normative history graded events are

The main psychological problems in old age are

Some older people suffer from diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and strokes. These are called

________ is the most common form of dementia among older people.

The term "dominant group" in the United States applies to the ________ population.

The U.S. today looks more like a ________ in which many racial and ethnic groups exist side by side

Gerontologists are now showing an interest in minority aging because the proportion of minority group members in the older population will

Members of ________ will likely have access to and make the most of formal support systems.

Gerontologists who study minority aging must keep ________ in mind.

Societies use age, gender, social class, and minority group membership to classify people. The multiple jeopardy theory states that a person with ________ or more of these characteristics will face an increased risk of death and illness.

The ________ links early life experiences to action and attitudes in later life

Hispanics show a ________ in economic measures and an ________ in measures of family life and informal supports.

In general, ________ elders have the highest economic status of any minority groups in the U.S.

Older people in the ________ subgroup have higher incomes and longer life expectancy than other Asian American elders.

The ________ puts minority aging in the context of personal history, culture, world events, and the conditions in the wider society.

In the future, social policies and programs must

________ looks at the links between personal history an a person's social and historical context.

Minority elders currently tend to under-use

Older African Americans interact with and get support from

The current health care system best provides help for people with ________ illness.

Surgery, rehabilitation through physical therapy, and drug therapy are the preferred methods of the ________ model.

The social model of health care aims to

Health care for older people has begun to shift towards the ________ because of the high cost of institutional care.

The health promotion model focuses on

In the 1960s governmental commitment to Medicare for senior citizens came about because

Overuse of the ________ model leads to high costs for care and sometimes over-medicalized services

Which of the following is not covered under Medicare's hospital insurance program?

In order to make up the difference between Medicare/Medicaid programs and out-of-pocket expenses, seniors often rely on ________ insurance.

Which of the following is not a reason why long-term care insurance is a poor bet for most people?

The following three phenomena contributed to the dramatic rise of health care costs:

Long-term care does not include

Community-based services are composed of

The future problems in health care include

When Medicare, Medicaid, or a private insurer prepays a set amount per person per month for care to a private managed-care facility, this is called a ________ payment.

The retirement income system in the United States consists of

Social Security is structured so that seniors get paid today from payments made by current workers. Economists call this a

An increase in the number of older people and longer life expectancies will lead to more retirees in the future. To cope with this increase the government has

The Social Security system needs reform, such as raising revenues, reducing benefits, and investing funds to

When offering pension plans, many companies now opt for a defined contribution plan rather than defined benefit plans. Defined contribution plans

A study of older people's incomes shows that

The economic conditions of older people differ by

Older women have lower incomes than older men. This income gap based on gender among older people is explained by

Older married people have ________ income rates compared to nonmarried older people.

Minority older people have ________ income rates than whites.

The federal government set up the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC. to insure private defined benefit pension plans. Critics are calling for a review of the PBGC because

The U.S. retirement income system provides a ________ standard of living for most older people and keeps the poorest older people ________.

The large size of the Baby Boom generation, a smaller number of future workers, and an increase in life expectancy will

Gerontologists have proposed reforms for each part of the retirement income system. Which of the following is not included in these reforms?

Which of the following statements is true?

The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA. says that a person age 65 or over may face mandatory retirement if they hold an executive position for at least ________ years prior to the retirement date

The presence of the "retirement principle" and the "retirement wage" has made retirement

The need for income, health insurance, and social contact

A study of women and retirement shows that women have a ________ career path compared to men

A Boston College study found that ________ of workers take on bridge jobs before they fully retire.

Poor pensions, low pay, and a broken work record all lead to ________ for women.

Because of low pensions and disability, African Americans, women, and people with low socioeconomic status had trouble reentering the workforce after retirement. These findings suggest that these minorities

Finances, health, or the desire for leisure activity are examples of ________ leading to retirement.

Early research on retirement saw it as a life-crisis and a time of disengagement. Recent work has found

A growing older population, retired in late-middle age, may put a strain on Social Security and other pension plans. Which of the following is NOT one of Social Security's rules to remove incentives for early retirement?

Retirees now have many options in retirement. These options range from early retirement to

Some social scientists divide the economy into the goods producing and the service sectors. Workers in the goods producing sector tend to ________ while workers in the service sector tend to ________.

Jobs after a life career but before full retirement are called

Because of the sharp downturn in the economy, older workers who want to stay at work often find

In the future, retirement will depend on

Higher rates of men, as compared to women, live with a spouse in old age. This is due to

Aging in place requires

The benefit of the person-environment fit model is that it allows us to put housing options

Aging in place often entails ________ a home to suit a person's changing physical condition.

Which of the following people showed the greatest likelihood of modifying their homes?

A house that contains wheelchair-accessible entryways, kitchens, and bathrooms; single-lever faucets; non-slip flooring; and grab-bars is called a(n.

One form of home equity conversion allows people to get a monthly loan based on their age, current interest rates, and the house's value. They repay the loan on a set date. This is known as a

Housing that offers meal service, some health care support, and recreation programs in a housing complex is called

Nursing homes are for older people who

Neighborhoods and buildings grow older as people age in place. When at least half the people in a neighborhood or building are age 60 or over, gerontologists call this a(n.

A senior housing option that charges an entrance fee, a monthly fee, and guarantees a resident access to housing and defined types of care for the rest of their lives is known as

Compared to older people in cities, older people in rural areas tend to make less use of public transportation for all but the following reason:

Burkhart (2000. says that the number one mode of transportation for older people is

Which of the following is not one of the suggested means for extending the number of years an older person drives?

Improved housing in the future for all older people will depend on

Adults aged ________ spent more time on leisure activities than any other age group.

Horna defines ________ as those activities that need few resources, have a low cost, and have easy access.

Horna defines peripheral leisure activities as those that require

Studies show that women have ________ leisure time in later life compared to men.

Studies of older people's leisure attitudes show that they often picked up their views of leisure

Kraus and Raab label disuse of the body in old age ________ disease. This syndrome leads to much of the decline in the body in later life.

For all the benefits gained from exercise, people generally show declines in physical activity with age. ________ explains reduction of activity as a natural process that allows the older person to withdraw from social roles and activities prior to death.

For all the benefits gained from exercise, people generally show declines in physical activity with age. Continuity theory proposes that this phenomena

The ________ theory promotes the value of activity in later life.

________ provide services and activities that support independence and social contact.

Barriers for people who want to attend classes later in life include inaccessibility of schools, poor scheduling of classes, and the tell-'em-and-test-'em lecture style of most postsecondary courses. These barriers result in

The ________ a person has, the ________ the chance that he or she will enroll in an education program later in life.

Elderhostel

Among older people, the most popular context for volunteering is a

The Baby Boom generation will carry its social activism into later life. Boomers intend to stay active by serving society

People can adapt to many physical changes in their bodies and still enjoy a good sex life. But this requires

After the loss of a spouse, studies show that

Which of the following does not account for the higher rate of widowhood for women?

Homosexuals face certain unique problems as they age. For instance,

Gerontologists describe widowhood as a(n.

Given good health and a partner older people can remain sexually active until

Divorce in later life often means loss of ________ for women and ________ for men.

Compared to older women, older men have a remarriage rate

Married couples have lower rates of hospitalization and nursing home placements because they

________ take place at expected times in a person's life. These events (e.g., high school graduation, religious confirmation, retirement. mark entry in a new status or position in society.

Even a good relationship will face a number of strains in later life. For instance,

Older people express two main reasons why they resume dating:

Because of ________, many grandparents may find themselves in very complex family situations.

The proportion of people married at a given age ________ from middle age onward.

Which of the following statements about marriage is false?

Studies show that the type of elder abuse depends on the physical and mental condition, the environment, and the relationship of the

Studies show that ________ most often served as primary caregivers.

Studies of neighbors as caregivers show that

Male caregivers favor ________ help, while women more often give ________ help.

Researchers describe five of the most common causes of elder abuse. Which of the following is not a common cause?

Hispanic families, like African Americans, show

Studies report that ________ of people age 55 and over say they care for children.

Gerontologists call the stress due to caregiving

The process of caring for an older person is known as

Four social changes explain the sudden interest in elder abuse and neglect. These changes include all except

Which of the following is not a dimension of caregiver burden?

Successful strategies such as help from the medical profession, support groups, and safe apartments and shelters can decrease the rate of

Older parents may deemphasize the support their children give in order not to see themselves as a burden. Bengtson and Kuypers (1971. refer to this as

Caregiving demands today peak in

People age 75 and over, compared to spouses 55-64, spend ________ as many hours on spousal care.