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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gerontologists who study minority aging must keep _______________ in mind |
minority group diversity |
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minority elders tend to underuse __________ |
formal supports |
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the older white population has more ________ and lower _______ than minority group elders |
formal education; poverty rates |
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size of minority aging population will __________________ |
grow in size and in proportion to the dominant older population |
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minority groups often face ________________ within the larger society |
prejudice and discrimination |
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current health care system deals more with this type of illness |
chronic |
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the health care system is better structured in dealing with what type of illness |
acute |
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future problems in health care include…. |
availability, accessibility, and coordination |
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term that describes set amount of money per person |
capitation |
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causes of rising healthcare costs (4) |
1.) expanded use of medical technology and services 2.) a lack of spending limits on physicians and hospitals 3.) inflation and especially inflation in medical care costs 4.) high administrative costs due to a decentralized insurance system |
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medical model focuses on ___________ |
diagnosis and cure of illness |
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retirement income system in the U.S. |
consists of a combination of public and private income sources; referred to as the "three-legged stool"; government pension programs, employment pensions, and private savings |
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defined contribution plans |
say how much workers have to pay into the plan, but they do not guarantee a specific return; shift pension responsibility to the worker; participation has increased |
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the baby boom generation, a smaller number of future workers, and an increase in life expectancy will…... |
strain and cause a shortfall in social security payments; open new work options for older people |
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reforms of the retirement income system |
pension reform, social security reform (family care; spousal pensions; widows' benefits; income limits), supplemental security income (improved benefits; improve state supplements; higher enrollment rates), and private pension reform (vesting; portability and indexing; better private plan insurance) |
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a study of older people's incomes show that... |
retirement almost always leads to long-term decline in income and a consequent decline in living standards |
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retirement principle |
proposes that people should leave work at a fixed age regardless of physical or mental ability |
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older workers who want to stay at work…. |
often take longer to find work and often give up |
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the need for income, health insurance, and social contact will __________ |
fuel this trend of working longer and staying in the labor force after retirement |
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finances, health, or the desire for leisure activity are examples of ________ leading the retirement |
forces |
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a second career means _______________ |
working at something you love to do or something you have always wanted to do; differs from leisure or a person's midlife career; people set their own goals and express their own identities |
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the tendency to live alone increases with ______, especially for ______ |
age; women |
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aging in place requires…... |
that the person have the capability to age in the place they choose |
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a term for a house that is wheelchair accessible, has non-slip flooring, etc. |
universal design |
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nursing homes are for older people who need ____________ |
medical and personal care |
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a senior housing option that charges and entrance fee, a monthly fee, and guarantees housing for the rest of their lives |
continuous care retirement communities |
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define/discuss formal support system |
include government programs, health care services, community centers, and ethnic associations; members of the white group will have access to and make the most use of these |
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define/discuss informal support system |
people who are part of the family's personal social network; this could include a relative, friend, neighbor, or a colleague from work; more minority elders use informal support systems |
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define/discuss minority groups |
a minority is a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group living within a larger society; minority group members have a sense of peoplehood and shared origins; they often face prejudice and discrimination within the larger society; four minority groups discussed are african americans, hispanic americans, asian american/pacific islanders, and american indians/alaskan natives; differ from whites in mortality, fertility, and migration |
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define/discuss peter pan housing |
housing designed as if the owners will never grow old; many older households need at least one modification such as a grab bar or ramp, but not many people have these; older people could prevent falls through home modification |
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define/discuss managed care |
managed care plans promise some control of health care costs and usage rates; based on capitated payments, which means that a payer prepays a set amount per person per month for care; most programs are HMOs; social health maintenance organizations (SHMOs) put together an array of services that suit the needs of older people |
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define/discuss medicare |
health care for older people and is the largest pool of insured people in the US; contains two parts, hospital insurance (part A) and supplementary medical insurance (part B); over time, it has covered less and less of older people's medical costs |
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define/discuss medicaid |
serves low income Americans of all ages; federal and state governments jointly fund this program; widowed, divorced, and never-married seniors (many of them women) have the highest rates of medicaid use; also finances long-term care for eligible people |
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define/discuss long-term care |
includes in-home services and community-based services, as well as institutional care; long-term care needs increase with age; two types are institutional care (nursing homes) and community-based services (in-home and assisted living options) |
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define/discuss PPS (prospective payment system) |
the government set up a PPS to control hospital costs; PPS encouraged hospitals to discharge patients on schedule or sooner; PPS poses many problems for older people |
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define/discuss three-legged stool |
gerontologists often refer to the mix of public pensions and other governmental transfers, work and assets, and private pensions as the three-legged stool of the retirement income system; most people will need income from each part of the system to maintain their preretirement lifestyles |
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define/discuss contribution plan |
say how much workers need to pay into the plan, but do not guarantee a specific return; the return depends on the investments the worker has made with the money paid in; these plans have increased |
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define/discuss benefit plan |
promise a set amount to workers when they retire; often base this figure on a person's salary and his or her number of years of service; these plans have decreased |
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define/discuss discouraged worker |
someone who gives up on looking for work; some older workers with long work records prefer to retire on their pensions; other workers leave the labor force bc they can't get the kind of jobs they like; still, others want to avoid age discrimination in the hiring process |
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define/discuss assisted living apartments |
add personal services and some health care to congregate housing amenities; they provide services that optimize physical and psychological independence; provide 24-hour care and supervision |
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define/discuss NORC (naturally occurring retirement communities) |
a building or neighborhood where at least half of the people are age 60 or over; people living in these communities say they like living with older people; minority older people may find themselves in a NORC because of racial segregation |