Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The companion animal industry in Victoria is regulated under
|
the Domestic Animal Act 1994
|
|
|
Domestic Animals Act 1994 - SECT 30
|
Owner of livestock able to destroy dog or cat found at large near livestock
(1) The owner of any animals or birds kept for farming purposes, any personauthorised by the owner or an authorised officer may destroy any dog or catfound at large- (a) in the place where the animals or birds are confined; or (b) if the animals or birds are tethered, in the vicinity of the animals or birds. (2) The owner, a person authorised by the owner or authorised officer does notincur any civil or criminal liability for acting under subsection (1). |
|
|
Classificationof cats
|
Classification first by coat length and then further by colour. These are not breeds, merely types.
|
|
|
Cat Gender associations and coat color |
There are gender associations with some coatcolours e.g. ginger cats are predominantly male, about 75-80%. Calicos andtortoiseshells are rarely male, maybe 5%.
|
|
|
Cat Health issues and coat colors |
There are some healthissues associated with particular coat colours.
Calico and tortoiseshell males are usually sterile. aybe 5%. White cats with blue eyes are often deaf. There are some coat colors that predispose cats to diseases. The main one is auricular squamous cellcarcinoma in cats which develops due to sun exposure of non-pigmented skin overa prolonged period. The cat only needs to have ears and/or nose non-pigmentedto be at risk. |
|
|
Classification by body type (cats)
|
Usually associated with breeds |
|
|
What are the more common feline breeds? |
Siamese, Burmese,Ragdoll, Russian Blue, Maine Coon, Scottish Fold and Birman among many others.
|
|
|
Average cat sizes |
The vast majority being between 3 and 9kg. Cat weights can be deceptive so it isimportant to weight them rather than guessing by eyeballing them. Many veterinary products for cat treatmentare separated into two separate weight ranges; <4kg and >4kg (small andlarge).
|
|
|
Central welfare needs of cats are:
|
1. Environment – a suitable and safe place to live
2. Diet – suitable food in an appropriate quantity for breed, healthand stage of life 3. Exercise/enrichment – outdoor access or enrichment of indoorenvironment 4. Health care, both preventative and treatment of illnesses |
|
|
Feline environment |
Somewhere comfortable to sleep and restundisturbed.
Safe places to hide – including access tohigh-up areas. In multi-cathouseholds, provision of as many resources as the number of cats, plus one,positioned around the house so they aren’t forced to share. Cats also need to be ableto be confined in a safe place. This is not only for their safety, but there are a lot of regulations regarding where cats may or may not go. Some of them are confined to a household or to a run as they are very good hunters and can be destructive to wildlife. |
|
|
Feline Diet |
Fed a complete commercial cat food.
Only healthy treats given occasionally, if at all. Age, weight and shape, alongside packet feeding guidelines and veterinary advice, taken into account when deciding how much to feed. Raw meaty bones are really good for cat’s teeth but as for dogs,they must be raw or they may splinter and cause issues with foreign bodies. |
|
|
What are the foods that cats cannot eat? |
- Onions – cause changes in redblood cells which cause the cell membrane to rupture and results in anaemia
- Chocolate – contains asubstance called theobromine which is related to caffeine and is toxic to cats,although not often fatal. - Coffee – similar to chocolate - Grapes (fresh or dried) – causekidney disease although the mechanism is not understood - Stone fruit – the seeds containcyanide, which is obviously not a good thing. They can also cause intestinalforeign bodies. - Tomatoes – contain solanineglycosides which can cause GI and neurological signs - Anything with string/fishingline around it as they can cause linear foreign bodies which can cause hugeproblems in the intestines. |
|
|
Feline exercise and enrichment |
Cats are suited to shortbut intense exercise bursts, such as chasing and then leaping on a toy. Catswho spend time outside will do this on their own but over the past 20 years orso there has been a considerable increase in the percentage of cats keptexclusively indoors.
Enrichment can includeobtaining a second cat (in a single cat household) or a dog, increasinginteraction time with the cat or providing inanimate enrichment such as toys,utilising vertical space such as shelves and climbing poles, access to windowsfrom which to watch activity e.g. birds |
|
|
Feline health care |
Health care encompasses both preventativecare and treatment of illness. There are several areas of importance inpreventative care:
a. Vaccination b. Intestinal worms c. Heartworm d. Fleas e. Desexing f. Preventative care of specificbody systems e.g. teeth |
|
|
Feline vaccinations |
Many countries, includingAustralia, use the vaccination guidelines compiled by the World Small AnimalVeterinary Association (WSAVA). It has core vaccines and non-core vaccines
|
|
|
Core Vaccines in felines |
Feline panleukopenia (FPV)which is related to canine parvovirus and causes gastrointestinal disease, felineherpes virus 1 (FHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV). Combined, these make up an F3 vaccine.
|
|
|
What are the non-core feline vaccines? |
Feline chlamydophila (notusually given separately but as part of an F4 or F5), feline leukaemia virus(FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).
|
|
|
Chlamydophila felis
|
This is abacteria which causes ocular signs and is associated with cat flu signs. It isgiven combined with the 3 core vaccines as an F4. Some clinics like Lort Smithuse this as their standard cat vaccine but many clinics don’t.
|
|
|
Felineimmunodeficiency virus (FIV)
|
This virus is in the same family as the HIVvirus and has the same immunosuppressive effects.
• Infection is transmittedthrough bite wounds • Free-roaming, aggressive malecats are most at risk • Inhibits the immune system fromfunctioning normally • Issues with vaccine – not fullyprotective, when doing FIV test makes it hard to tell whether vaccinated or infected, risk of vaccinesarcoma • Vet will decide case-by-casedepending onlifestyle and prevalence rate in the area |
|
|
Felineleukaemia virus (FeLV)
|
• Transfer of FeLV is usuallybetween friendly cats during grooming or by sharing food bowls as the virus isshed in saliva. Can transfer via placenta or milk.
• Immune suppression,cancers • Surveys suggest low prevalencein eastern Australia • In areas with high prevalenceor in breeding catteries, test and vaccination may be worthwhile |
|
|
What is the vaccination protocol in cats? |
Vaccinationprotocols may depend on local prevalence of diseases, lifestyle of the cat(indoor vs outdoor) and clinic preference but a common primary core vaccinationprotocol based on the WSAVA guidelines would be:
6-8 wks FPV, FHV-1, FCV (F3) · 12-14 wks FPV, FHV-1, FCV (F3)· 16-18 wks FPV, FHV-1, FCV (F3) 12 months after 3rdkitten vaccination FPV, FHV-1,FCV(F3) |
|
|
Feline intestinal worms? |
Gastrointestinal wormscan be a serious problem for cats. Thisis particularly the case for kittens that can become infected early inlife. Common intestinal wormsinclude:
· Roundworms · Hookworms · Tapeworms |
|
|
Symptomsof worms include:
|
· Anorexia
· Vomiting · Diarrhoea · Stunted growth · Poor body condition · Swollen or tender abdomen · Dull coat · Visible worms in faeces |
|
|
What is a normal worming schedule in cats? |
Worming treats ratherthan prevents, infections so it is important to worm regularly. As a rule all kittensneed to be wormed every two weeks until 12 weeks of age, then every month until6 months of age. After six months of age an adult cat needs to be wormed every3 months. This protocol can vary with the product used.
It is important to notethat a number of common intestinal worms in cats are zoonotic so treatment ofanimals is also important for human health. |
|
|
Heartworms in cats |
Cats can act as hosts insame way as dogs but are more resistant to infection than dogs and far fewerdevelop heartworm disease. Wheninfection does develop, the smaller heart means that fewer worms are needed toresult in clinical signs. Catsare less commonly treated with heartworm preventatives in southern Australia
|
|
|
Fleas in cats |
Fleas are very common inboth indoor and outdoor environments. Some animals tolerate fleas well whileothers will have a dramatic reaction to one flea. Flea treatment and preventionproducts can divided into topical (applied to the skin), systemic (carried inthe blood stream) and environmental (treating the animal’s immediateenvironment i.e. bedding, carpets etc). Many of the products are combined withintestinal worm treatments and preventatives and most are given monthly. Inmulti-animal households all animals need to be treated
|
|
|
Desexing cats |
Ifanimals are not being used for breeding it is highly recommended is that theyshould be desexed, to limit the population and for their own health.
|
|
|
Microchipping and registrationof cats
|
Animals are usuallymicrochipped at desexing if they have not been done before. All animals leavingshelters will be microchipped before they are made available for adoption. Note that youneed to do a specific AVA Microchip Accreditation. Registration requirements vary between councils but most require animals to beregistered by 3 months of age. Some require the pet to be microchipped beforeregistration.
|
|
|
Dental care in cats |
Dental disease is a common problem, particularlyin middle-aged and older animals. Owner education and regular dental checks aremost important. Prevention would include toothbrushing, dental chews, feeding raw bones, and dental treatment if there is a significant problem
|
|
|
Cat coat maintenance |
Particularly for long haired breeds it isimportant to maintain coat condition. This is particularly the case over summer or when grass seeds arepresent for “outside” cats For long haired cats that live inside grass seedsare not such an issue but regular grooming can reduce problems due to hairballs (ingested hair during grooming).
|
|
|
Feline reproduction |
Cats can start cycling from about 4 months whichis why some clinics and shelters will desex at a very young age. They are seasonallypolyoestrous and usually cycle from spring until autumn (although some will cycleany time of year). It lasts 7-10d and they come again in 2-3 weeks. They're induced ovulators.
Gestation is 63d |
|
|
Australian National Kennel Council classification of dogs
|
Toys |
|
|
How do vets group dogs? |
In practice it’s moreuseful to group dogs by size. Generally accepted terms include; small, medium,large & giant breeds as this is often how veterinary pharmaceuticalproducts are retailed.
Grouping by size is also clinically useful attimes as there are conditions which are common in smaller and larger dogs, notalways strictly breed-related |
|
|
Ideal evironment for a dog |
Their own bed where they can rest undisturbed.
Poisonous or hazardous items stored safely out of reach. Safe vehicular travel – on the back seat secured with a seatbelt or in acomfortable, fitted dog crate of appropriate size or behind a dog guard. Their housing also needs to be secure so that aresafely confined at all times other than when they are out with their owners |
|
|
Dog diet |
Fed a complete, commercial dog food.
Treats are given for training purposes or on a very occasional basis, and on days when a treat is fed, the amount of food given in a dog’s main meal is reduced. Age, weight and shape, alongside packet feeding guidelines and veterinary advice, are taken into account when deciding how much to feed. |
|
|
Foods to avoid giving dogs |
- Onions – cause changes in redblood cells which cause the cell membrane to rupture and results in anaemia
- Chocolate – contains asubstance called theobromine which is related to caffeine and is toxic to dogs,although not often fatal. - Coffee – similar to chocolate - Cooked bones – not toxic inthemselves but can splinter in the intestines and cause a perforation - Fatty foods - not toxic inthemselves but can induce inflammation of the pancreas which is calledpancreatitis and can be a very serious disease. - Mouldy foods – effects willdepend on the mould |
|
|
Dog exercise |
All dogs require exercisefor both their physical and mental well-being. PAW recommends that alldogs have the opportunity to exercise out of the home or garden at least once daily,ideally with some off-lead time. The ideal amount of time varies betweenindividuals, and factors such as age, breed, weather and general.
|
|
|
Dog behavior |
Young puppies need to be socialised from anearly age. Puppies are best socialised to other dogs and people between about theages of 8 and 14 weeks. This is the same period when they are at the same riskof being infected with disease, especially parvovirus, and so should avoidpublic places. Puppies should only socialise with fully vaccinated dogs in anenvironment that has been free from dogs with parvovirus. Puppy preschoolclasses held at many vet clinics balance the need for socialisation with therisk of infection and provide an introduction to behavioural training in a safeenvironment. The training will benefit both pet and the owner immensely as wellas anyone coming into contact with the dog. Puppies whose behavioural healthneeds are attended to (as well as physical health needs) are more likely tomeet the expectations of their human families and are at decreased risk ofre-homing or euthanasia.
Owners should then beencouraged to do further obedience training.ccin S�j�A |
|
|
Canine enrichment |
Boredom is a common cause of behaviourproblems in older dogs. Strategies to consider include getting another dog,having someone walk the dog, either alone or with a group of dogs, toys such asKongs or plastic bottles, and extra furniture. Some animals may need theexpertise of a behavioural specialist to manage difficult behaviours.
|
|
|
What are the core canine vaccines? |
Canine parvovirus
Canine adenovirus Canine distemper virus Together these are known as the C3 vaccines |
|
|
What are the non-core canine vaccines for kennel cough? |
Two causative agents: Parainfluenza virus Bordetella bronchiseptica. The addition ofthese to the C3 constitutes a C5 vaccine. The majority of dogs in Victoria willhave a C5 vaccine. |
|
|
What is another non-core vaccine given to canines? |
Rabies |
|
|
What is the vaccination protocol in canines? |
Vaccination protocols depend on the typeand brand of vaccine. Until 10-15 years ago all vaccines were given annuallybut since then a vaccine that provides effective control for 3 years againstdistemper, hepatitis and parvo has become widely used. The respiratory vaccines(for parainfluenza virus and Bordetellabronchiseptica) have a shorter duration of immunity (DOI) and must still begiven annually. The triennial vaccines also overcome maternal immunity at anearlier age so the final puppy vaccine can be given at 12-14 weeks.
|
|
|
A primary vaccinationprotocol where annual vaccines are used |
6-8 wks Distemper, Hepatitis and Parvovirus (C3)
12-14 wks Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5) · 16-18 wks Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5) 12 months after 3rd puppy vaccination then annually Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5) |
|
|
A primary vaccinationprotocol where triennial vaccines are used
|
6-8 wks Distemper, Hepatitis and Parvovirus (C3)
· 12-14 wks Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5) · 12 months after 3rd puppy vaccination Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica Following 2 years Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica 3rd year Distemper,Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5) |
|
|
Common intestinal worms in puppies?
|
· Roundworms
· Hookworms · Whipworms · Tapeworms |
|
|
How is diagnosis of worms made? |
by faecal flotation or faecal smear to look for eggs.
|
|
|
Roundworms |
Ingested eggs hatch inthe intestine and migrate around the body causing internal lesions (viscerallarva migrans). In the worst cases, the worms can block the artery thatsupplies blood to the retina of the eye (ocular larva migrans).
|
|
|
How can we prevent roundworms? |
- washing hands with soap after gardening and touching the dog or cat,
- covering sand-pits to prevent pets defecating in them - worm dogs and cats. |
|
|
Hookworms |
Hookworm eggs are shed in infected dog (or otheranimal) faeces to the ground and beach sand, where they then develop over aperiod of 1–2 weeks into the infectious larval form. The larvae can burrowthrough intact skin but can only penetrate the upper dermis and thus create thetypical wormlike lesions visible underneath the skin.
|
|
|
How can we prevent hookworms? |
- Avoiding exposure of skin to contaminated soilor sand.
- In some areas dogs have been banned from beaches |
|
|
Tapeworm |
· Intermediate host –such as sheep, cattle, goats, horses, wallabies and kangaroos. Infection beginswhen the grazing animal eats dog or dingo faeces infected with tapeworm eggs.The eggs hatch in the animal’s gut into embryos. These embryos penetrate thewall of the intestine and are carried in the bloodstream to organs such as theliver, lungs or brain, where they can develop into hydatid cysts. These cystscontain around 30 to 40 tapeworm heads (the first segment of the tapeworm).
Definitivehost – such as dogs and dingoes. Infectionbegins when the animal eats offal that contains hydatid cysts. The swallowedcysts burst and the tapeworm heads travel to the gut and attach themselves tothe intestine wall. The tapeworms are mature after about six weeks. Each mature wormgrows and sheds the last segment of its body about every two weeks. This lastsegment contains immature eggs, which are passed from the animal’s body infaeces and may stick to the animal’s hair or contaminate the vegetable garden.The eggs are highly resistant to weather conditions and can remain viable formonths. The eggs have to be swallowed by an animal (intermediate host) to formhydatid cysts. The risk to humans isthat if we swallow the eggs from dog faeces we can become intermediate hostsand develop cysts in abdominal organs. If you are in a rural area with childrenit is really important that the dogs are wormed for tapeworm every months. Themost effective drug is called praziquantel. |
|
|
Heartworm in dogs |
Heartworm is acommon parasitic disease in Australia. It is caused by Dirofilaria immitis a parasiticroundworm that is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Thename heartworm is actually a misnomer because the adults actually reside in thepulmonary arteries. Clinical signs are not seen untiladult worms take up residence in the pulmonary arteries (which does not occuruntil several months after infection) and include signs of right heart failuresuch as coughing and exercise intolerance. In the case of heartworm preventionis much safer than treatment. There are multiple prevention options including ayearly vaccine and monthly oral or spot on treatments.
|
|
|
Dog ear care? |
floppy-eared breeds suchas spaniels as particularly prone to ear disease, although all dogs can haveproblems. Dogs with ongoing problems may need regular ear cleansing andplucking.
|
|
|
Dog toenail care? |
dogs that are kept indoors and spend minimaltime on concrete or other abrasive surfaces need regular nail trimming. Dew claws can also require trimming.
|
|
|
What is a canine's reproduction? |
Start cycling from 6-15months
2 heat periods per year(about 6 months apart) lasting 2-3 weeks Large breeds may only cycle once a year. Increased frequency of urination, vulval swelling and discharge May have bloody/strawcoloured vulval discharge for about 10 days |
|
|
What are the percentages of pets in AU? |
63% of households |
|
|
What problems can occur with companion animals in thecommunity and how are these managed?
|
- dog bites. Efforts to minimise the incidence of bitesfocus on state-based dangerous dog legislation (in Victoria the DomesticAnimals Act 1994) and community education.
- nuisance animals, such as those which stray from theirown property, noisy animals and those who have significant impact on localwildlife. These are managed through local government laws which make theobligations of pet owners clear and include registration of pets and penaltiesfor animals which stray. |
|
|
What are the purposes of state and local state legislationrelated to companion animals?
|
State and local laws areused to manage problem animals in the community but also to protect the animalsfrom neglect.
The most important arethe Domestic Animals Act (1994) and the Domestic Animals Regulations (2015) andthe Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1986). |
|
|
Obligations of dog owners in Victoria
|
• Ensure yourdog is microchipped
• Register yourdog with the local council• Follow anyrelevant local laws with regard to desexing • Keep your dogunder control when walking it and obey any council orders about havingyour dog on a leash or disposing of your dog's droppings • Keep your dogconfined to your property at other times • Make sureyour dog doesn't bark persistently • Stop your dogstraying onto another person's property • Prevent yourdog chasing or attacking people or other animals • Careadequately for your dog - Code of Practice for thePrivate Keeping of Dogs |
|
|
Menacingdog
|
adog that the Council has declared Menacing due to it rushing or chasing aperson, or causing a non-serious bite injury to a person or animal.
|
|
|
Dangerousdog
|
a dog that the council has declared dangerousbecause it has caused the death of or serious injury to a person or animal bybiting or attacking. Councils can also declare dogs to be dangerous if the dogis a menacing dog and its owner has received at least 2 infringement noticesfor failing to comply with restraint requirements, if the dog has been declareddangerous under corresponding legislation in another State/Territory, or forany other reason prescribed. A dog that is kept for the purpose ofguarding non residential premises is automatically a dangerous dog under theDomestic Animals Act 1994.
|
|
|
Restrictedbreed dog:
|
defined as dogs that fit the Victorian"Approved Standard" for an American Pit Bull Terrier (or Pit BullTerrier), Perro de Presa Canario (or Presa Canario), Dogo Argentino, JapaneseTosa, or Fila Brasileiro.
|
|
|
Requirements ofowners of menacing dogs
|
· Must be microchipped and council informed of microchip number
· May be required to be muzzledwhilst outside the owner's dwelling · May be required to be on a leadwhilst outside the owner's dwelling · Must notify the Council within 24 hours if: the dog is missing the ownership of the dog changes the owner's address changes or the place wherethe dog is kept changes |
|
|
Requirements ofowners of dangerous dogs
|
· Must be microchipped and council informed of microchip number
· Must be desexed · Must wear a prescribed collar at all times · Owner must display prescribedwarning signs at all entrances to the premises where the dog is kept · When indoors or in an outdoorenclosure, the dog must be housed in such a way that it cannot escape, and thatprevents it from injuring visitors to the premises. · Must be muzzled and on a leadwhilst it is outside the owner's dwelling and the dog's enclosure. · Must notify the Council within 24 hours if: the dog is missing the ownership of the dog changes the owner's address changes or the place where the dog is kept changes. |
|
|
Restricted breeds
|
They are Dogo Argentino,Fila Brasiliero, Japanese Tosa, American Pit Bull or Pit Bull Terrier and Perrode Presa Canario.
It is not possible to register a Pit Bullin Victoria if it was not registered here before 2011. Any registered pitbulls need to adhere to the "dangerous dogs" protocol. A dog that is identifiedby a council officer as a Pit Bull that cannot be registered may be seized andultimately euthanased, solely on the basis of its breed. |
|
|
Obligations of pet owners in Victoria
|
If you own a cat you must:
• ensure your cat is microchipped • register your cat with the local council • follow any relevant local laws with regard to desexing • follow any relevant local laws which apply regarding movementrestrictions on cats e.g. in the Shire of Yarra Ranges cats must be on theowner’s property at all times • stop your cat straying onto another person's property • care adequately for your cat - Code of Practice for the PrivateKeeping of Cats |
|
|
Roaming cats
|
Laws will vary between council areas but commonly you are entitled tocontain a cat straying onto your property and contact the council. The council willthen return the cat to the owner after payment of a release fee (assuming thecat is able to be identified) and advisethem of the nuisance. If the problem recurs, the owners will be issued a noticeobliging them to take steps to prevent the problem.
|
|
|
Where do our dogs come from?
|
· Breeder (30%)
· Friend or neighbour(20%) · Pet shop (16%) · Animal shelter (15%) · Other 19% ?? Online |
|
|
Where do our cats come from? |
– Animal shelter (38%)
- Friends or neighbours (38%) - Adopted stray cats(24%) |
|
|
There are threerequirements for diseases to spread and the basic cycle of infectious diseasesto perpetuate in any setting
|
There must be (1) a sourceof infection sufficient to cause disease (pathogen);
(2) a susceptible host;and (3) a mode of transmission of the infection to another host for disease tocontinuet the |
|
|
5 common modes of transmission in shelter environments
|
i. Direct transmission involves a body surface of one animalcontacting a body surface of another.
ii. Indirect transmission (also known as fomite transmission) - a susceptiblehost contacts a contaminated inanimate object (often hands) Iii. Droplet transmission occurs when small, infectious droplets that do notremain suspended in air travel a short distance through the air and land on thehost’s mucosal surfaces. Droplets can also land in the environment and lead toindirect transmission. Iv. Airborne transmission occurs when infectious residue from dried droplets ordust remains suspended, able to travel distances through the air. Lastly, v. vector transmission when another living animal serves as an intermediary totransmit diseases to the next animal (e.g., a mosquito or a rodent). All of these are morecommon in shelters than when animals are dispersed in the community. |
|
|
3 main aims of Infectious disease control programs
|
1. Minimise host susceptibility -nutrition, pain control, avoid overcrowding, limit stress
2. Optimise every animal’s abilityto resist disease - vaccinate and worm every animal on entry 3. Decrease likelihood of exposureto problem pathogens |
|
|
How can we decrease exposure of pathogens to our shelter animals? |
Decreasingexposure is where good shelter design, logical flow of animals and people,clear protocols and good staff training can really change animal healthoutcomes.Important aspectsinclude:
Facility design –requires areas for quarantine of incoming animals (i.e. those which have beenvaccinated and wormed on arrival where their previous preventative health careis unknown), isolation of animals with infectious diseases and an area forother residents. Work flow and hygieneprotocols e.g. equipment used in isolation must not come out to other areas,healthy resident animals who have completed quarantine should be handled beforethe isolation cases. Staff training – staffmust understand how their behaviour influences disease spread and correctlyimplement protocols An example of a modern facility designed toincorporate this is the Burwood RSPCA facility. |
