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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of Blood
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1. Delivers Oxygen 2. Transport metabolic wastes 3. Transport hormones 4. Maintains body temperature 5. Maintains body pH 6. Maintains fluid volume 7. Prevents Blood Loss 8. Prevents Infection
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Composition of Whole Blood
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1. Only Fluid tissue in the body (thick, homogeneous liquid) 2. Specialized type of connective type 3. Sticky, Opaque fluid (metallic taste) 4. More dense than water and five times more viscous 5. Slightly alkaline, pH between 7.35-7.45 6. Temperature of 100.4 degrees, slightly higher than body temp 7. Accounts for app. 8% of body weight, average volume in males is 5-6L and in females 4-5L .
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Erythrocytes- Structures
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Small, biconcave (flattened discs with depressed centers- appears lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges), A nucleate (no nucleus and no organelles)
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Erythrocytes- Function
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Red blood cells that carry respiratory gases, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, make up of 45% of the blood volume
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Erythrocytes- Production
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Contain Hemoglobin (protein)-functions as gas transport, Contains Antioxidant Enzymes- antioxidant is something that is left over from the incomplete breakdown of glucose, rid the body from harmful radicals and function is to maintain the plasma membrane and promote the changes in RBC shape. Vitamin C enhances the antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of antioxidant enzymes can be linked to cancer
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Chemical Makeup of Hemoglobin
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Globin protein bound to heme pigment: function for a carrier molecule, protein that makes red blood cells the color red and binds easily and reversibly with oxygen, most oxygen carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin, Globin: 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alphas and 2 betas, each globin protein is attached to each heme unit. Heme: makes blood the color red and contains oxygen binding IRON, Hemoglobin: interlinked attached to a heme unit. 4 heme units in every hemoglobin, roughly 250 million hemoglobin molecules per RBC. RBC is evolved to accumulate hemoglobin. Hemoglobin passes to the places that are low in oxygen and moves from rich oxygen areas to poor oxygen areas, Oxi: bond to oxygen hemoglobin, bright scarlet ruby red. Deoxyhemoglobin: when hemoglobin does not have oxygen its combined to it, darker purplish red.
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Diapedesis
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Dia: to go through (leap), leave the blood vessels, RBC cannot leave but WBC can leave the blood vessels. the WBC are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels and the circulatory system is simply their means of transport to areas of the body where they are needed to mount inflammatory or immune response
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Leukocytes
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complete cells with nuclei and organelles, they are 4800 to 10,800 WBC/ul in blood, display positive chemotaxis, which attracted to foreign cells in the body, Crucial to our defense against disease, mobile army that helps protect the body from damage by bacteria viruses, parasites, toxins, and tumor cells
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Leukocyte Classes- Granulocytes
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Granulocytes: contain granules; larger and much short lived than erythrocytes.
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Neutrophils
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50-70% of WBC, low nuclei, take up both basic and acidic dyes, contain hydrolic enzymes and are regarded as lysosomes. Consist of 6 lobes and destroy bacteria
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Eosinophils
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2-4% of WBC, to lobed nucleus, adaptive and function in attacking parasitic worms
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Basophils
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1/2 to 1% of WBC, contain granules full of large, coarse histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, causes other WBC to be attracted to an area when needed (inflammed site)
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Leukocyte Classes- Aganulocytes
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Without granules, functionally distinct and unrelated cell types
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Lymphocytes
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25% of WBC, composited of mostly nucleus and lymph tissues. Functions in immunity. T-lymphocytes: attack viruses and tumors, attacks cell not the virus directly, B-lymphocytes: produce antibodies that attack bacteria infection, allow for the direct attack of the pathogen
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Monocytes
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3-8% of WBC, largest and U shaped nucleus. They leave the blood vessesl and become magnified into macrophages
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Leukopoiesis
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Production of WBC and stimulated by chemical messengers, hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells (both become WBC)
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Granulocyte Leukopoiesis
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Live on average 1/2 to 90 days, 1. Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts 2. Myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes 3. Promyleocytes differentiate into myelocytes 4. Cell division stops and nuclei arch forms band cells 5. Nuclei constricts a segment to become mature granulocytes
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Agranulocyte Leukopoiesis
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live up to months. 1. Myeloid stem cells become monoblasts 2. monoblasts become promocytes 3. promoncytes leave bone marrow and become moncytes in lymph tissue 4. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts 5. Lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes 6. Prolymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue. 7. T-Lymphocytes mature in thymus, B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow. Lives weeks to decades
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Regulation of Leukopoisis
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Interleukins and colony stimulating factors- chemical messengers, stimulate cell division within the bone marrow
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Leukopoiesis Disorders
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1. Leukemia: cancerous WBC, to many WBC that are non-functional. 2. Leukopenia: low WBC count, one thing that causes it unnaturally is chemotherapy
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Platelets
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Not cells, anucleated cytoplasmic fragments, essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. Forms a temporary plug that helps seal the break
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Thrombopoiesis
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Production of Platelets: 1. Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells. 2. Myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts 3. Megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but no cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes 4. Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to be platelets. Regulation: thrombopoietin- platelet formation is regulated by this hormone
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Erythrocyte Disorders: Anemia
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The blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. Causes: insufficient number of RBC, Hemorrhagic anemia: blood loss, hemolytic anemias: erythrocytes rupture prematurely, Aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs or chemicals
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Erythrocyte Disorders: Low hemoglobin content
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Iron-deficiency anemia: secondary results of hemorrhagic anemia, but it also results from inadequate intake of iron-containing foods and impaired iron absorption, Pernicious anemia: due to a deficiency of vitamin B12
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Erythrocyte disorders: Abnormal hemoglobin
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Thalassesmias: one of the globin chains is absent or faulty and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin, Sickle-cell anemia: abnormal hemoglobin, results from change in just one of the 146 amino acids in the beta chain of the globin molecule
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Erythrocyte disorders: Polycythemia
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Abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increase blood viscosity causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly. (Blood doping- artificial induced polycythemia) , Secondary Polycythemia: results when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases.
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Leukocyte Disorders
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Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs, Leukemias: group of cancerous conditions involving WBC, Infectious Mononucleosis: "kissing disease" highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults.
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